Disclosed are compounds of Formula (I′), methods of using the compounds as immunomodulators, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds. The compounds inhibit PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and are useful in treating, preventing or ameliorating diseases or disorders such as cancer or infections.

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The treatment of diabetes mellitus with excellent hypoglycemic effect that suppresses lactic acidosis without substantially increasing the blood lactate concentration. A composition for treating diabetes mellitus with hypoglycemic effect that suppresses lactic acidosis without substantially increasing the blood lactate concentration, and the composition has branched-chain amino acids and salts of biguanide derivatives and derivatives of biguanide derivatives or branched-chain amino acids as the active components. The composition will be more effective when leucine, isoleucine, or valine is included as branched-chain amino acids, and metformin as the biguanide derivative.

The treatment of diabetes mellitus with excellent hypoglycemic effect that suppresses lactic acidosis without substantially increasing the blood lactate concentration. A composition for treating diabetes mellitus with hypoglycemic effect that suppresses lactic acidosis without substantially increasing the blood lactate concentration, and the composition has branched-chain amino acids and salts of biguanide derivatives and derivatives of biguanide derivatives or branched-chain amino acids as the active components. The composition will be more effective when leucine, isoleucine, or valine is included as branched-chain amino acids, and metformin as the biguanide derivative.

Bone mineral content, 25(OH) vitamin D3, or 1,25(OH).sub.2 vitamin D3 in a companion animal can be improved by adjusting the diet of the animal to increase the amount of a compound which positively or negatively modulates the bone mineral content, 25(OH) vitamin D3, or 1,25(OH).sub.2 vitamin D3 or adjusting the diet of the animal to decrease the amount of a compound which positively or negatively modulates the bone mineral content, 25(OH) vitamin D3, or 1,25(OH).sub.2 vitamin D3.

Bone mineral content, 25(OH) vitamin D3, or 1,25(OH).sub.2 vitamin D3 in a companion animal can be improved by adjusting the diet of the animal to increase the amount of a compound which positively or negatively modulates the bone mineral content, 25(OH) vitamin D3, or 1,25(OH).sub.2 vitamin D3 or adjusting the diet of the animal to decrease the amount of a compound which positively or negatively modulates the bone mineral content, 25(OH) vitamin D3, or 1,25(OH).sub.2 vitamin D3.

The present invention relates to use of an aminomethylenecyclohexane-1,3-dione compound, more particularly to use of a compound shown in the following formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof alone or in combination with other drug in preparing a drug for regulating or treating a disease related to autophagy, especially mammalian ATG8 homologous proteins. ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to use of an aminomethylenecyclohexane-1,3-dione compound, more particularly to use of a compound shown in the following formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof alone or in combination with other drug in preparing a drug for regulating or treating a disease related to autophagy, especially mammalian ATG8 homologous proteins. ##STR00001##

The present invention in the field of cancer therapeutics is based on the finding that when cannabinoids are administered to cancer subjects after a chemotherapeutic agent has been administered, the combined treatment leads to increased survival prognosis, a reduction in disease progression, stabilisation of disease state and inhibition of tumour growth than administration of the chemotherapeutic agent alone. There is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising a chemotherapeutic agent for use in the treatment of bladder, brain and spinal cord, colorectal, head and neck, lung, lymphoma, neuroendocrine, oesophageal, ovarian, pancreatic and prostate cancer, wherein said treatment comprises a first phase in which the chemotherapeutic agent is administered, and a subsequent second phase in which a cannabinoid is administered.

The present invention in the field of cancer therapeutics is based on the finding that when cannabinoids are administered to cancer subjects after a chemotherapeutic agent has been administered, the combined treatment leads to increased survival prognosis, a reduction in disease progression, stabilisation of disease state and inhibition of tumour growth than administration of the chemotherapeutic agent alone. There is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising a chemotherapeutic agent for use in the treatment of bladder, brain and spinal cord, colorectal, head and neck, lung, lymphoma, neuroendocrine, oesophageal, ovarian, pancreatic and prostate cancer, wherein said treatment comprises a first phase in which the chemotherapeutic agent is administered, and a subsequent second phase in which a cannabinoid is administered.

An enhanced caffeinated beverage composition includes a caffeinated drink combined with an effective blend of methylliberine and theacrine providing increased mood, energy, alertness, focus, motivation, and/or decreased fatigue without adversely affecting heart rate or blood pressure.