A method of treating diabetes Type 2 by delivery of butyric acid, bile acid, long-chain fatty acid, or glutamine to the colon by bypassing the upper digestive tract, with the composition combined either by the same or different route of administration with a DPP-IV inhibitor such as vildagliptin.

The invention relates to compounds of general formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.2a, R.sup.2b, R.sup.3a, R.sup.3b, R.sup.5, Y and R.sup.7 are as defined herein are selective agonists at the FXR receptor and are useful for the treatment or prevention of diseases and conditions including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); primary biliary cirrhosis; primary sclerosing cholangitis; biliary atresia; cholestatic liver disease; hepatitis C infection; alcoholic liver disease; fibrosis; and liver damage arising from fibrosis.

The invention relates to compounds of general formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.2a, R.sup.2b, R.sup.3a, R.sup.3b, R.sup.5, Y and R.sup.7 are as defined herein are selective agonists at the FXR receptor and are useful for the treatment or prevention of diseases and conditions including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); primary biliary cirrhosis; primary sclerosing cholangitis; biliary atresia; cholestatic liver disease; hepatitis C infection; alcoholic liver disease; fibrosis; and liver damage arising from fibrosis.

Methods of treating alcoholic hepatitis (AH) are provided. For instance, the methods may comprise administering 5-cholesten-3,25-diol, 3-sulfate (25HC3S) or a salt thereof.

Methods of treating alcoholic hepatitis (AH) are provided. For instance, the methods may comprise administering 5-cholesten-3,25-diol, 3-sulfate (25HC3S) or a salt thereof.

The present invention is directed to an injectable pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) ursodeoxycholic acid and (b) sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin. Such compositions exhibit unexpected solubility and stability of ursodeoxycholic acid permitting therapeutic dosages of the ursodeoxycholic acid to be administered without the use of high amounts of strong bases that are present in an amount stoichiometrically equivalent to the ursodeoxycholic acid. The present invention is directed to an injectable pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) ursodeoxycholic acid and (b) sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin. Such compositions exhibit unexpected solubility and stability of ursodeoxycholic acid permitting therapeutic dosages of the ursodeoxycholic acid to be administered without the use of high amounts of strong bases that are present in an amount stoichiometrically equivalent to the ursodeoxycholic acid.

The present invention is directed to an injectable pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) ursodeoxycholic acid and (b) sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin. Such compositions exhibit unexpected solubility and stability of ursodeoxycholic acid permitting therapeutic dosages of the ursodeoxycholic acid to be administered without the use of high amounts of strong bases that are present in an amount stoichiometrically equivalent to the ursodeoxycholic acid. The present invention is directed to an injectable pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) ursodeoxycholic acid and (b) sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin. Such compositions exhibit unexpected solubility and stability of ursodeoxycholic acid permitting therapeutic dosages of the ursodeoxycholic acid to be administered without the use of high amounts of strong bases that are present in an amount stoichiometrically equivalent to the ursodeoxycholic acid.

Methods and compositions are provided for treatment of chronic liver diseases such as NASH, for example, in order to slow disease progression, and reduce portal-systemic shunting. Methods comprising cholate liver function tests and administration of a statin and a biguanide are provided. Compositions comprising a statin and a biguanide are also provided.

Methods and compositions are provided for treatment of chronic liver diseases such as NASH, for example, in order to slow disease progression, and reduce portal-systemic shunting. Methods comprising cholate liver function tests and administration of a statin and a biguanide are provided. Compositions comprising a statin and a biguanide are also provided.

A germinant mixture includes a) a bile acid main germinant, b) an amino acid co-germinant, c) an edible spore solubilizing agent, and d) a divalent metal salt co-germinant. Also described is an oral pharmaceutical composition including the germinant mixture and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. A method of treating, decolonizing, and/or preventing C. difficile infection in the gastrointestinal tract of a patient in need thereof includes orally administering the germinant mixture or the oral pharmaceutical composition and an antibiotic that is active against C. difficile to the patient in need thereof.