Formulations of a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-specific fusion protein antagonist are provided including a pre-lyophilized formulation, a reconstituted lyophilized formulation, and a stable liquid formulation. Preferably, the fusion protein has the sequence of SEQ ID NO:4.

A treatment for autism in which an effective amount of lactulose is administered in order to bind excess ammonia in the gastrointestinal tract, the bloodstream, and the nervous system in order to prevent or reverse ammonia poisoning caused by the administration of certain antibiotics. Lactulose molecules in the colon are fermented by certain bacteria. The fermentation process lowers the colonic pH, and ammonia, in the form of ammonium ions, is used by the bacteria for amino acid and protein synthesis. This lowers the serum ammonia levels and reduces neurotoxicity.

A treatment for autism in which an effective amount of lactulose is administered in order to bind excess ammonia in the gastrointestinal tract, the bloodstream, and the nervous system in order to prevent or reverse ammonia poisoning caused by the administration of certain antibiotics. Lactulose molecules in the colon are fermented by certain bacteria. The fermentation process lowers the colonic pH, and ammonia, in the form of ammonium ions, is used by the bacteria for amino acid and protein synthesis. This lowers the serum ammonia levels and reduces neurotoxicity.

The present invention relates to the field of viral disorders, and in particular to the use of natural compounds to inhibit viruses and viral infection. Compositions comprising NANA are provided for treating or preventing viral infections, such as those causing the common cold.

The present invention relates to the field of viral disorders, and in particular to the use of natural compounds to inhibit viruses and viral infection. Compositions comprising NANA are provided for treating or preventing viral infections, such as those causing the common cold.

A treatment for autism in which an effective amount of lactulose is administered in order to bind excess ammonia in the gastrointestinal tract, the bloodstream, and the nervous system in order to prevent or reverse ammonia poisoning caused by the administration of certain antibiotics. Lactulose molecules in the colon are fermented by certain bacteria. The fermentation process lowers the colonic pH, and ammonia, in the form of ammonium ions, is used by the bacteria for amino acid and protein synthesis. This lowers the serum ammonia levels and reduces neurotoxicity.

A treatment for autism in which an effective amount of lactulose is administered in order to bind excess ammonia in the gastrointestinal tract, the bloodstream, and the nervous system in order to prevent or reverse ammonia poisoning caused by the administration of certain antibiotics. Lactulose molecules in the colon are fermented by certain bacteria. The fermentation process lowers the colonic pH, and ammonia, in the form of ammonium ions, is used by the bacteria for amino acid and protein synthesis. This lowers the serum ammonia levels and reduces neurotoxicity.

A medicament characterized in that (A) a compound represented by the formula (I): ##STR00001##
its pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof,
wherein P is hydrogen or a group to form a prodrug; A.sup.1 is CR.sup.1AR.sup.1B, S or O; A.sup.2 is CR.sup.2AR.sup.2B, S or O; A.sup.3 is CR.sup.3AR.sup.3B, S or O; A.sup.4 is each independently CR.sup.4AR.sup.4B, S or O; the number of hetero atoms among atoms constituting the ring which consists of A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3, A.sup.4, nitrogen atom adjacent to A.sup.1 and carbon atom adjacent to A.sup.4 is 1 or 2; R.sup.1A and R.sup.1B are each independently hydrogen, halogen, alkyl or the like; R.sup.2A and R.sup.2B are each independently hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, or the like; R.sup.3A and R.sup.3B are each independently hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, or the like; R.sup.4A are each independently hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, or the like; R.sup.4B are each independently hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, or the like; R.sup.3A and R.sup.3B may be taken together with an adjacent carbon atom to form non-aromatic carbocycle or non-aromatic heterocycle; n is any integer of 1 to 2; and R.sup.1 is ##STR00002##
or the like,
is combined with (B) compound(s) having an anti-influenza activity, its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof and/or an antibody having anti-influenza activity, is useful for treating or preventing influenza.

A medicament characterized in that (A) a compound represented by the formula (I): ##STR00001##
its pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate thereof,
wherein P is hydrogen or a group to form a prodrug; A.sup.1 is CR.sup.1AR.sup.1B, S or O; A.sup.2 is CR.sup.2AR.sup.2B, S or O; A.sup.3 is CR.sup.3AR.sup.3B, S or O; A.sup.4 is each independently CR.sup.4AR.sup.4B, S or O; the number of hetero atoms among atoms constituting the ring which consists of A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3, A.sup.4, nitrogen atom adjacent to A.sup.1 and carbon atom adjacent to A.sup.4 is 1 or 2; R.sup.1A and R.sup.1B are each independently hydrogen, halogen, alkyl or the like; R.sup.2A and R.sup.2B are each independently hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, or the like; R.sup.3A and R.sup.3B are each independently hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, or the like; R.sup.4A are each independently hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, or the like; R.sup.4B are each independently hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, or the like; R.sup.3A and R.sup.3B may be taken together with an adjacent carbon atom to form non-aromatic carbocycle or non-aromatic heterocycle; n is any integer of 1 to 2; and R.sup.1 is ##STR00002##
or the like,
is combined with (B) compound(s) having an anti-influenza activity, its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof and/or an antibody having anti-influenza activity, is useful for treating or preventing influenza.

Disclosed are methods for ameliorating glycocalyx damage by administering a neuraminidase inhibitor. Also disclosed are methods for treating endothelial dysfunction and for improving flow mediated dilation.