The present application relates to a method of reducing a need of rescue medication and/or a need of more than one dose of migraine medication in a patient suffering from cephalic pain, including migraine, cluster headache, episodic migraine, or rapid escalating migraine. In some embodiments, the method includes administering intranasally a composition comprising sumatriptan, or a physiologically-acceptable salt or a solvate thereof, and an alkyl glycoside or a saccharide alkyl ester.

Formulated and/or co-formulated nanocarriers (e.g., LNPs and/or SLNPs) comprising PD-1 Prodrugs and methods of making the nanocarriers are disclosed herein. The PD-1 Prodrug compositions comprise a drug moiety, a lipid moiety, and linkage unit that inhibit PD-1-L1/L2. The PD-1 Prodrugs can be formulated and/or co-formulated into a nanocarrier to provide a method of treating cancer, immunological disorders, and other disease by utilizing a targeted drug delivery vehicle.

Formulated and/or co-formulated nanocarriers (e.g., LNPs and/or SLNPs) comprising PD-1 Prodrugs and methods of making the nanocarriers are disclosed herein. The PD-1 Prodrug compositions comprise a drug moiety, a lipid moiety, and linkage unit that inhibit PD-1-L1/L2. The PD-1 Prodrugs can be formulated and/or co-formulated into a nanocarrier to provide a method of treating cancer, immunological disorders, and other disease by utilizing a targeted drug delivery vehicle.

An adipocyte-targeting DNA nanodrug, and preparation and uses thereof. The drug is composed of an adipocyte-targeting DNA microstructure and tannic acid (TA) in a weight ratio of 1:25-30. Among them, the small molecular antioxidant TA is loaded into the DNA microstructure. The DNA microstructure incorporated with an adipocyte-targeting aptamer sequence can specifically recognize and bind with adipocytes. TA and DNA microstructure can interact with each other through multiple hydrogen bonds to form the adipocyte-targeting, safe and efficient DNA nanodrug.

An adipocyte-targeting DNA nanodrug, and preparation and uses thereof. The drug is composed of an adipocyte-targeting DNA microstructure and tannic acid (TA) in a weight ratio of 1:25-30. Among them, the small molecular antioxidant TA is loaded into the DNA microstructure. The DNA microstructure incorporated with an adipocyte-targeting aptamer sequence can specifically recognize and bind with adipocytes. TA and DNA microstructure can interact with each other through multiple hydrogen bonds to form the adipocyte-targeting, safe and efficient DNA nanodrug.

An object of the present invention is to provide an anti-human norovirus agent which can inhibit infection with and proliferation of human norovirus. The present inventors have found that the object can be attained through provision of an anti-human norovirus agent comprising, as an active ingredient, a fucose analog having an inhibitory action on glycosylation by fucosyltransferase (FUT). Examples of the active ingredient include a fucose analog represented by formula (III) or (IV) or a salt thereof.

##STR00001##

[In the formulas, each of formula (III) and formula (IV) represents an α-anomer or a β-anomer; each of R.sup.4, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 is —OH or -OAc; R.sup.2 is a halogen atom, —OH, or -OAc; and R.sup.5 is —CH.sub.3, —C≡CH, —C≡CCH.sub.3, or —CH.sub.2C≡CH.]

An object of the present invention is to provide an anti-human norovirus agent which can inhibit infection with and proliferation of human norovirus. The present inventors have found that the object can be attained through provision of an anti-human norovirus agent comprising, as an active ingredient, a fucose analog having an inhibitory action on glycosylation by fucosyltransferase (FUT). Examples of the active ingredient include a fucose analog represented by formula (III) or (IV) or a salt thereof.

##STR00001##

[In the formulas, each of formula (III) and formula (IV) represents an α-anomer or a β-anomer; each of R.sup.4, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 is —OH or -OAc; R.sup.2 is a halogen atom, —OH, or -OAc; and R.sup.5 is —CH.sub.3, —C≡CH, —C≡CCH.sub.3, or —CH.sub.2C≡CH.]

Provided herein are compositions and methods to treat or prevent neurodegeneration in a mammal, inhibit microglial activation in the CNS of a mammal, promote survival of CNS neurons in a mammal, prevent or reduce the rate of demyelination and/or neuronal injury in a mammal, promote remyelination in a mammal and/or treat or prevent or decrease oxidative stress in a mammal.

Provided herein are compositions and methods to treat or prevent neurodegeneration in a mammal, inhibit microglial activation in the CNS of a mammal, promote survival of CNS neurons in a mammal, prevent or reduce the rate of demyelination and/or neuronal injury in a mammal, promote remyelination in a mammal and/or treat or prevent or decrease oxidative stress in a mammal.

Provided herein are compositions and methods to treat or prevent neurodegeneration in a mammal, inhibit microglial activation in the CNS of a mammal, promote survival of CNS neurons in a mammal, prevent or reduce the rate of demyelination and/or neuronal injury in a mammal, promote remyelination in a mammal and/or treat or prevent or decrease oxidative stress in a mammal.