The disclosure relates to in vivo and ex vivo uses of dihydronicotinamide riboside (NRH), dihydronicotinic acid riboside (NARH) and reduced derivatives thereof to treat immune-related disorders (e.g., systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis), kidney disorders (e.g., acute kidney injury and hepatorenal syndrome [HRS]), liver disorders (e.g., acute liver failure and HRS), hemolytic disorders (e.g., hemolysis and hemolytic anemia), and disorders and conditions associated with oxidative stress, damage or injury (e.g., methemoglobinemia and anemia). NRH, NARH and reduced derivatives thereof can be used in vivo or ex vivo alone or in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents, such as an anti-inflammatory agent or/and an antioxidant.

The disclosure provides, inter alia, compositions including cell-nanoparticle constructs and drug loaded nanoparticles, and methods for their use in the treatment of cancer. Also provided are unmodified cisplatin molecules encapsulated by silica nanoparticles, and their use in the treatment of cancer.

The disclosure provides, inter alia, compositions including cell-nanoparticle constructs and drug loaded nanoparticles, and methods for their use in the treatment of cancer. Also provided are unmodified cisplatin molecules encapsulated by silica nanoparticles, and their use in the treatment of cancer.

To provide a method for treating cancer using a pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compound or a salt thereof. The present invention provides an antitumor agent comprising a pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compound of formula (I) wherein X, Y, Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, Z.sub.3, Z.sub.4, W, n, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 have meanings as defined in the present specification, or a salt thereof and other antitumor agent(s) for combined administration.

To provide a method for treating cancer using a pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compound or a salt thereof. The present invention provides an antitumor agent comprising a pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compound of formula (I) wherein X, Y, Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, Z.sub.3, Z.sub.4, W, n, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 have meanings as defined in the present specification, or a salt thereof and other antitumor agent(s) for combined administration.

To provide a method for treating cancer using a pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compound or a salt thereof. The present invention provides an antitumor agent comprising a pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compound of formula (I) wherein X, Y, Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, Z.sub.3, Z.sub.4, W, n, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 have meanings as defined in the present specification, or a salt thereof and other antitumor agent(s) for combined administration.

The present invention discloses and claims compositions, methods of treatment, and kits which cause an increase in the time of survival in cancer patients, wherein the cancer: (i) overexpresses thioredoxin or glutaredoxin and/or (ii) exhibits evidence of thioredoxin- or glutaredoxin-mediated resistance to one or more chemotherapeutic interventions. The present invention also discloses and claims methods and kits for the administration of said compositions to properly treat cancer patients. Additionally, the present invention discloses and claims methods and kits for quantitatively determining the level of expression of thioredoxin or glutaredoxin in the cancer cells of a cancer patient, methods of using those determined levels in the initial diagnosis and/or planning of subsequent treatment methodologies for said cancer patient, as well as ascertaining the potential growth “aggressiveness” of the particular cancer and treatment responsiveness of the particular type of cancer. Further, the present invention discloses and claims novel pharmaceutical compositions, methods, and kits used for the treatment of patients with medical conditions and disease where there is the overexpression of thioredoxin and/or glutaredoxin, and wherein this overexpression is associated with deleterious physiological effects in the patients.

The present invention discloses and claims compositions, methods of treatment, and kits which cause an increase in the time of survival in cancer patients, wherein the cancer: (i) overexpresses thioredoxin or glutaredoxin and/or (ii) exhibits evidence of thioredoxin- or glutaredoxin-mediated resistance to one or more chemotherapeutic interventions. The present invention also discloses and claims methods and kits for the administration of said compositions to properly treat cancer patients. Additionally, the present invention discloses and claims methods and kits for quantitatively determining the level of expression of thioredoxin or glutaredoxin in the cancer cells of a cancer patient, methods of using those determined levels in the initial diagnosis and/or planning of subsequent treatment methodologies for said cancer patient, as well as ascertaining the potential growth “aggressiveness” of the particular cancer and treatment responsiveness of the particular type of cancer. Further, the present invention discloses and claims novel pharmaceutical compositions, methods, and kits used for the treatment of patients with medical conditions and disease where there is the overexpression of thioredoxin and/or glutaredoxin, and wherein this overexpression is associated with deleterious physiological effects in the patients.

Provided are compositions and methods for using the same. In some embodiments, the compositions include an EPELN encapsulating and/or having associated therewith an active agent and a plasma membrane derived from a tumor and/or cancer cell coating the EPELN. In some embodiments, the active agent is a therapeutic agent or an immune response modifier, and in some embodiments the plasma membrane has one or more tumor-associated and/or cancer-associated antigens. Also provided are methods for using the compositions for treating tumors and/or cancers, inducing anti-tumor and/or anti-cancer immune responses, activating antigen-presenting cells, targeting CD11c dendritic cells, and preventing or reducing metastasis.

Provided are compositions and methods for using the same. In some embodiments, the compositions include an EPELN encapsulating and/or having associated therewith an active agent and a plasma membrane derived from a tumor and/or cancer cell coating the EPELN. In some embodiments, the active agent is a therapeutic agent or an immune response modifier, and in some embodiments the plasma membrane has one or more tumor-associated and/or cancer-associated antigens. Also provided are methods for using the compositions for treating tumors and/or cancers, inducing anti-tumor and/or anti-cancer immune responses, activating antigen-presenting cells, targeting CD11c dendritic cells, and preventing or reducing metastasis.