Structural cells and matrices using the structural cells for positioning below a hardscape that define a void space therein, the structural cells, matrices using the cells and methods of assembly allowing in one embodiment the introduction of a structural fluid such as concrete to provide an alternative structural cell and matrix product. In one embodiment a structural cell assembly is described comprising a structural cell with a plurality of legs integrally linked to a frame at a first frame end, the frame linking the legs together and the frame defining a generally flat plane with the legs extending substantially orthogonally away from the first frame end about the frame flat plane to a leg terminal end; and a separate plate engaging the legs, the separate plate comprising linked sockets, each socket engaging the leg terminal end; and/or linked sockets, each socket engaging the leg frame ends or a part thereof.

A connection device for fastening two expanded cellular confinement structures includes: an insertion member; an integral shank extending perpendicular from the insertion member; and an integral handle member extending perpendicular from the shank at an end of the shank remote from the insertion member. One or more barbs may project from the insertion member. The device can have a washer section between the handle member and insertion member. The handle can be curved, or it can be in the shape of a polygon.

Responsive to the difficulties encountered in recycling, disposing of, and repurposing spent tires, as well as the need for durable construction materials, concentric tire structures and methods for making the same are provided herein.

A modular slab, slab system, piles and methods of use thereof are described along with specific applications and methods of manufacture. The slab or slab system may be pre-insulated and pre-finished before being assembled on site. The slab system may be advantageous to use as a replacement for traditional in-situ poured building foundations. The slab system may also have uses in other fields such as for floors, roads, bridges, pavements/side walks and other civil and structural applications.

A flooring system includes at least two discrete layers. The at least two discrete layers include at least a first discrete layer comprising variably responsive elastic subfloor. The at least a first discrete layer includes at least first sublayer having area elastic properties and at least a second sublayer, wherein at least a portion of the at least a second sublayer includes a first material displaying dilatant properties. The at least two discrete layers include at least a second discrete layer comprising a wear layer disposed on top of the at least a first discrete layer.

Disclosed are exemplary embodiments of woven geotextile fabrics. In exemplary embodiments, a geotextile has a high water flow rate, such as a water flow rate of at least 125 gallons per minute per square foot, etc.

A support layer for supporting an artificial turf assembly. The support layer being formed of a polymeric foam, preferably having a density of between 20 and 70 grams per liter, such as a polyolefin foam; and having an upper side and a lower side, wherein in use the support layer has been placed with the lower side thereof on a base surface and supports, on the upper side thereof, the artificial turf assembly, the support layer including a plurality of through drainage holes extending from the upper side to the lower side for allowing liquid such as rain water to flow via the plurality of drainage holes from the upper side to the lower side, and also including a plurality of channels at the lower side for allowing liquid such as rain water to flow through the channels along the lower side, wherein each of said plurality of drainage holes debouches into one of the plurality of channels. The support layer is further included in an artificial turf system, that includes an artificial turf assembly with the support layer supported on a base surface such as a layer of sand, wherein the support layer forms, at the upper sides thereof, a closed support surface supporting the artificial turf assembly.

A ground stabilization grid which includes a series of polygonal shaped cells having x sides. The cells are formed by polymer walls having a wall height of between about 1 and about 6. Each cell shares a common wall section with at least two adjacent cells; and a majority of cells within the grid includes at least two reinforcing ribs extending across the cell to engage opposing walls of the cell. The reinforcing ribs are characterized by (i) engaging the cell walls between about 25% and about 75% of the wall height, and (ii) extending between different opposing walls of the cell.

A modular slab, slab system, piles and methods of use thereof are described along with specific applications and methods of manufacture. The slab or slab system may be pre-insulated and pre-finished before being assembled on site. The slab system may be advantageous to use as a replacement for traditional in-situ poured building foundations. The slab system may also have uses in other fields such as for floors, roads, bridges, pavements/side walks and other civil and structural applications.

An underlayment layer is configured to support an artificial turf assembly. The underlayment layer comprises a core with a top side and a bottom side. The top side has a plurality of spaced apart, upwardly oriented projections that define channels suitable for fluid flow along the top side of the core when the underlayment layer is positioned beneath an overlying artificial turf assembly.