A wave propagation apparatus. The apparatus includes a container enclosing a base layer/liquid and an overlying layer/liquid separated from each other. Above the overlying layer is a driver sprocket and a driven sprocket, which rotate about their respective central shafts, which are fixed across a width of the container. A closed chain loop is disposed around the sprockets, with a plurality of paddles secured thereto at a spaced distance away from each other. The chain rotates about the sprockets as they rotate about the central shafts. The driver sprocket rotates via a motor, which is controlled by a controller and powered by a power source. The paddles travel through the overlying layer but not through the base layer, thus displacing the fluid in the overlying layer and causing a dragging wave to appear in the base layer, due to the surface friction between the base layer and the overlying layer.

An early kick detection system including a kick detection computing device coupled to at least one sensor associated with a drilling system of a well. The kick detection computing device is configured to receive measurement data from the at least one sensor. The measurement data includes one or more kick indicators used to identify a well kick. The kick detection computing device generate an estimated value for each of the one or more kick indicators during simulated normal drilling conditions and simulated kick conditions. The kick detection computing device determines a deviation value and generates a signal based on the deviation value. The signal activates a green status, an amber warning, or a red alarm to indicate a kick detection status of the drilling system.

Provided is a laboratory experiment system including an upstream reservoir. A main river channel is connected to a water outlet of the upstream reservoir. A barrier dam is built up in the main river channel. Uneroded dam bodies are constructed on two side surfaces of the barrier dam. A branch river channel extends on a surface of the barrier dam. A material hopper is connected to a feed inlet of the branch river channel. River banks are constructed on outer sides of the uneroded dam bodies. The feed inlet is docked with a descending conveyor belt. A feeding end of the descending conveyor belt is docked with an ascending conveyor belt. A discharge end of the material hopper defines a bottom hole. The bottom hole is connected to a material pipe. A discharge end of the material pipe corresponds to an inner side of the ascending conveyor belt.

Provided is a laboratory experiment system including an upstream reservoir. A main river channel is connected to a water outlet of the upstream reservoir. A barrier dam is built up in the main river channel. Uneroded dam bodies are constructed on two side surfaces of the barrier dam. A branch river channel extends on a surface of the barrier dam. A material hopper is connected to a feed inlet of the branch river channel. River banks are constructed on outer sides of the uneroded dam bodies. The feed inlet is docked with a descending conveyor belt. A feeding end of the descending conveyor belt is docked with an ascending conveyor belt. A discharge end of the material hopper defines a bottom hole. The bottom hole is connected to a material pipe. A discharge end of the material pipe corresponds to an inner side of the ascending conveyor belt.

A method and system for determining a limit scouring state of riverbed in downstream river channel of a reservoir group are provided. The method includes: collecting discharge data and cross-sectional prototype observation data of the downstream river channel of the reservoir group; establishing a correlation between discharge and a sediment carrying capacity indicator of a cross-section of a controlled hydrological station; calculating variation of the sediment carrying capacity indicator corresponding to dominant discharge; and determining and verifying the limit scouring state of the riverbed in the downstream river channel of the reservoir group. The method determines the limit scouring state of the riverbed in the river channel, and verifies the preliminary screening results based on the cross-section changes with the above determination, so as to provide technical support for mastering the development process of riverbed scouring and scouring trend prediction in the dam downstream river channel of the reservoir group.

A method and system for determining a limit scouring state of riverbed in downstream river channel of a reservoir group are provided. The method includes: collecting discharge data and cross-sectional prototype observation data of the downstream river channel of the reservoir group; establishing a correlation between discharge and a sediment carrying capacity indicator of a cross-section of a controlled hydrological station; calculating variation of the sediment carrying capacity indicator corresponding to dominant discharge; and determining and verifying the limit scouring state of the riverbed in the downstream river channel of the reservoir group. The method determines the limit scouring state of the riverbed in the river channel, and verifies the preliminary screening results based on the cross-section changes with the above determination, so as to provide technical support for mastering the development process of riverbed scouring and scouring trend prediction in the dam downstream river channel of the reservoir group.