The invention provides a method of treating interstitial cystitis that applies therapeutic exomes to the bladder of a patient through intravesical administration. Unlike the intravesical administration of stem cells, the intravesical administration of exosomes permits a therapeutic amount of paracrine-active growth factors and cytokines to be applied to bladder tissue before they can voided by urination.

The present disclosure relates to methods for increasing telomere length in one or more human cells and/or increasing genome stability of one or more human cells, for example by contacting one or more human cells with an agent that increases expression of Zscan4 in the one or more human cells. Methods of treating a subject in need of telomere lengthening, treating a disease or condition associated with a genomic and/or chromosome abnormality, of rejuvenating one or more human cells, of rejuvenating tissues or organs, and of rejuvenating a subject in need thereof, for example by contacting one or more human cells in the subject with an agent that increases expression of Zscan4, or by administering to a subject in need thereof, an agent that increases expression of Zscan4 are also provided.

The present disclosure relates to methods for increasing telomere length in one or more human cells and/or increasing genome stability of one or more human cells, for example by contacting one or more human cells with an agent that increases expression of Zscan4 in the one or more human cells. Methods of treating a subject in need of telomere lengthening, treating a disease or condition associated with a genomic and/or chromosome abnormality, of rejuvenating one or more human cells, of rejuvenating tissues or organs, and of rejuvenating a subject in need thereof, for example by contacting one or more human cells in the subject with an agent that increases expression of Zscan4, or by administering to a subject in need thereof, an agent that increases expression of Zscan4 are also provided.

It is intended to provide MSCs for transplantation that have an improved post-transplantation cell survival rate and engraftment rate and are highly safe with fewer adverse reactions, and a method for conveniently producing MSCs for transplantation having a high cell survival rate and engraftment rate. As means therefor, the present invention provides a stem cell for transplantation comprising an MSC capable of overexpressing IL-10.

It is intended to provide MSCs for transplantation that have an improved post-transplantation cell survival rate and engraftment rate and are highly safe with fewer adverse reactions, and a method for conveniently producing MSCs for transplantation having a high cell survival rate and engraftment rate. As means therefor, the present invention provides a stem cell for transplantation comprising an MSC capable of overexpressing IL-10.

It is intended to provide MSCs for transplantation that have an improved post-transplantation cell survival rate and engraftment rate and are highly safe with fewer adverse reactions, and a method for conveniently producing MSCs for transplantation having a high cell survival rate and engraftment rate. As means therefor, the present invention provides a stem cell for transplantation comprising an MSC capable of overexpressing IL-10.

A method for treating a subject having a medical condition associated with inflammation and/or an unwanted immune response without an alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, wherein the method comprises administering genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells to the subject, wherein said genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells comprise an exogenous nucleic acid comprising (i) an Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) encoding region operably linked to (ii) a promoter or promoter/enhancer combination.

A method for treating a subject having a medical condition associated with inflammation and/or an unwanted immune response without an alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, wherein the method comprises administering genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells to the subject, wherein said genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells comprise an exogenous nucleic acid comprising (i) an Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) encoding region operably linked to (ii) a promoter or promoter/enhancer combination.

The present disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition for relieving and treating pain based on exosomes. The exosomes according to the present disclosure contain various cytokines, gene, bioactive factors and proteins and the like related to nerve cell regeneration and pain relief secreted in the process of cell proliferation and cell behavior, and therefore, can heal fundamental causes which cause pain.

The present disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition for relieving and treating pain based on exosomes. The exosomes according to the present disclosure contain various cytokines, gene, bioactive factors and proteins and the like related to nerve cell regeneration and pain relief secreted in the process of cell proliferation and cell behavior, and therefore, can heal fundamental causes which cause pain.