An expanded multilayer integral geogrid includes a plurality of oriented strands interconnected by partially oriented junctions having an array of openings therein that is produced from a coextruded or laminated multilayer polymer starting sheet. The integral geogrid has a multilayer construction, with at least one inner layer thereof having a structure that is expanded relative to at least one other layer of the multiple layers. By virtue of the expanded inner layer structure, the expanded multilayer integral geogrid provides for increased layer compressibility under load, resulting in enhanced material properties that provide performance benefits to use of the expanded multilayer integral geogrid in soil geosynthetic reinforcement, and economic benefits compared to a like integral geogrid without an expanded inner layer structure.

The present invention relates to an erosion control apparatus and methods of using and installing the apparatus. The apparatus is constructed to prevent erosion of soil during typical weather or tidal conditions and adverse weather events. The apparatus can include an anchored marsh installation operative to stabilize a tidal marsh and shoreline.

A system for assisting and improving the installation of playground equipment and related components, the system includes a life-size layout templates and a methodology for installation of foundations and other structures. The system tarp has holes at strategic locations which can be laid on the ground for marking the ground at each of the holes for foundations of the equipment and components of the equipment. For footing and foundation layouts, the required footings dimensions can be printed on life size/to scale tarps or fabric which can be laid out in the installation area and positioned to the exact needed use zone or placement of the site. After the position has been confirmed the footings can be cut to the appropriate footing size and excavated, giving a clean/dry work area and can be left to remain on the ground as a weed/vegetation barrier.

An expanded multilayer integral geogrid includes a plurality of oriented strands interconnected by partially oriented junctions having an array of openings therein that is produced from a coextruded or laminated multilayer polymer starting sheet. The integral geogrid has a multilayer construction, with at least one inner layer thereof having a structure that is expanded relative to at least one other layer of the multiple layers. By virtue of the expanded inner layer structure, the expanded multilayer integral geogrid provides for increased layer compressibility under load, resulting in enhanced material properties that provide performance benefits to use of the expanded multilayer integral geogrid in soil geosynthetic reinforcement, and economic benefits compared to a like integral geogrid without an expanded inner layer structure.

A geosynthetic mat comprises an upper and a lower cover layer and a middle filler layer arranged between the upper cover layer and the lower cover layer and consisting of a filler layer material comprising a swellable material. The top cover layer and/or the bottom cover layer consist of a biodegradable material or comprise a biodegradable material, the peel strength being characterised by a residual peel strength degree at a predetermined point in time after the start of the biodegradation process, which is formed by the square number of a quotient of a reduced peel strength, which the upper and lower cover layer and a connecting structure have at the predetermined point in time, to an initial peel strength, which the upper and lower cover layer and the connecting structure have before the start of a biodegradation process.

The invention is stay-in-place cladding for concrete, including reactive and slow-curing concretes, allowing for enhanced strength and durability of the contained concrete by allowing it to cure over time while enabling beneficial chemical reactions. The cladding is perforated with tubes or holes. A preferred embodiment is a caisson for concrete mixtures, where the caisson contains the concrete mixture, and the caisson is deployed in marine or terrestrial environments.