Disclosed herein are methods of terminally sterilizing bacterial minicells or compositions comprising bacterial minicells by exposure to ionizing irradiation. Also disclosed are terminally sterilized bacterial minicells, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the bacterial minicells, and methods of use the bacterial minicells and pharmaceutical compositions.

Provided are SpdE polypeptides and variants and nucleic acids encoding the SpdE polypeptides and variants. Also provided are vectors including one or more nucleic acids encoding a SpdE polypeptide or variant and cells including a nucleic acid encoding the SpdE polypeptide or variant, as well as cells expressing a SpdE polypeptide or variant and compositions including such cells and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Finally, methods of detecting presence and/or amount of one or more amino acids in a sample are provided. The methods include contacting the sample with a SpdE protein, measuring diguanylate cyclase activity of the SpdE protein; and comparing the diguanylate cyclase activity of the SpdE protein to a control. The methods can utilize isolated SpdE protein or a cell expressing a SpdE protein.

Provided are SpdE polypeptides and variants and nucleic acids encoding the SpdE polypeptides and variants. Also provided are vectors including one or more nucleic acids encoding a SpdE polypeptide or variant and cells including a nucleic acid encoding the SpdE polypeptide or variant, as well as cells expressing a SpdE polypeptide or variant and compositions including such cells and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Finally, methods of detecting presence and/or amount of one or more amino acids in a sample are provided. The methods include contacting the sample with a SpdE protein, measuring diguanylate cyclase activity of the SpdE protein; and comparing the diguanylate cyclase activity of the SpdE protein to a control. The methods can utilize isolated SpdE protein or a cell expressing a SpdE protein.

The present disclosure relates to a method for preparing an antimicrobial complex strain from kefir, which includes: 1) providing and, optionally filtering, kefir or kefir whey; 2) introducing a fermentable sugar into the kefir or kefir whey, wherein based on the weight of the kefir or kefir whey, at least a saturation amount of said fermentable sugar is used, and allowing curd to gather at the top, so as to form a pre-fermentation composition; and 3) enabling the pre-fermentation composition to ferment until a microbial membrane that is capable of growth develops at the top and a whey liquid forms underneath, and the whey liquid demonstrates antimicrobial activity and has a pH of about 3.0, wherein during the fermentation, if needed, further adding said kefir or kefir whey and/or said fermentable sugar.

The present disclosure concerns the use of a mating pair stabilization module comprising a type IV adhesion pilus with a conjugative bacterial host cell or as a part of a conjugative delivery system for mediating effective in vivo conjugation.

The present invention provides a prophylactic or therapeutic composition for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).

There is provided a prophylactic or therapeutic composition for GVHD, which comprises bacteria belonging to any genus selected from the group consisting of the following genera: Blautia, Clostridium, unclassified Clostridiales, Actinomyces, Parabacteroides, Lachnoclostridium, Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, unclassified Firmicutes, Dorea, Phascolarctobacterium, Sutterella, Megamonas, Collinsella, Eubacterium, and Coprococcus, etc., or any combination of bacteria belonging to these genera.

The present invention provides a prophylactic or therapeutic composition for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).

There is provided a prophylactic or therapeutic composition for GVHD, which comprises bacteria belonging to any genus selected from the group consisting of the following genera: Blautia, Clostridium, unclassified Clostridiales, Actinomyces, Parabacteroides, Lachnoclostridium, Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, unclassified Firmicutes, Dorea, Phascolarctobacterium, Sutterella, Megamonas, Collinsella, Eubacterium, and Coprococcus, etc., or any combination of bacteria belonging to these genera.

The present invention relates to uses of threonyl-tRNA synthetase (TARS) derived from Akkermansia muciniphila or a fragment thereof as an active ingredient for prevention, alleviation, and treatment of an inflammatory disease. The Akkermansia muciniphila TARS or a fragment thereof according to the present invention promotes the differentiation of M2 macrophages, which are anti-inflammatory macrophages, to multiply macrophages, thereby increasing the secretion of IL-10 as an anti-inflammatory cytokine, leading to the proliferation of B cells to result in an anti-inflammatory effect, and thus was verified to show alleviation effects of not only inflammatory diseases but also immune diseases, infectious diseases, and metabolic diseases accompanied by inflammation, and to have excellent effects in the prevention or treatment of an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Provided are therapeutic compositions containing Ecobiotic™ populations for prevention, treatment and reduction of symptoms associated with a dysbiosis of a mammalian subject such as a human.

Provided are therapeutic compositions containing Ecobiotic™ populations for prevention, treatment and reduction of symptoms associated with a dysbiosis of a mammalian subject such as a human.