A method of modulating growth factor responses of cells expressing C3a receptor (C3aR) and C5a receptor (C5aR) and at least one growth factor receptor includes administering to the cells a thrombin inhibitor.

A method of modulating growth factor responses of cells expressing C3a receptor (C3aR) and C5a receptor (C5aR) and at least one growth factor receptor includes administering to the cells a thrombin inhibitor.

An agent for elevating nitric oxide (NO) concentration comprising glutathione or a salt thereof as an active ingredient; an agent for elevating NO concentration comprising glutathione or a salt thereof as an active ingredient for preventing or ameliorating a vascular endothelial malfunction-related symptom, or dilating blood vessels or promoting blood flow by elevating NO concentration; and a method for elevating NO concentration by ingesting glutathione or a salt thereof.

A method of treating a patient who has hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), colorectal carcinoma (CRC), glioblastoma (GB), gastric cancer (GC), esophageal cancer, NSCLC, pancreatic cancer (PC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer (PCA), ovarian cancer (OC), melanoma, breast cancer (BRCA), CLL, Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), SCLC, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), AML, gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma (GBC, CCC), urinary bladder cancer (UBC), and uterine cancer (UEC) includes administering to said patient a composition containing a population of activated T cells that selectively recognize cells in the patient that aberrantly express a peptide. A pharmaceutical composition contains activated T cells that selectively recognize cells in a patient that aberrantly express a peptide, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, in which the T cells bind to the peptide in a complex with an MHC class I molecule, and the composition is for treating the patient who has HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH, PCA, OC, melanoma, BRCA, CLL, MCC, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, and/or UEC. A method of treating a patient who has HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH, PCA, OC, melanoma, BRCA, CLL, MCC, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, and/or UEC includes administering to said patient a composition comprising a peptide in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereby inducing a T-cell response to the HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH, PCA, OC, melanoma, BRCA, CLL, MCC, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, and/or UEC.

A method of treating a patient who has hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), colorectal carcinoma (CRC), glioblastoma (GB), gastric cancer (GC), esophageal cancer, NSCLC, pancreatic cancer (PC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer (PCA), ovarian cancer (OC), melanoma, breast cancer (BRCA), CLL, Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), SCLC, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), AML, gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma (GBC, CCC), urinary bladder cancer (UBC), and uterine cancer (UEC) includes administering to said patient a composition containing a population of activated T cells that selectively recognize cells in the patient that aberrantly express a peptide. A pharmaceutical composition contains activated T cells that selectively recognize cells in a patient that aberrantly express a peptide, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, in which the T cells bind to the peptide in a complex with an MHC class I molecule, and the composition is for treating the patient who has HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH, PCA, OC, melanoma, BRCA, CLL, MCC, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, and/or UEC. A method of treating a patient who has HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH, PCA, OC, melanoma, BRCA, CLL, MCC, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, and/or UEC includes administering to said patient a composition comprising a peptide in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereby inducing a T-cell response to the HCC, CRC, GB, GC, esophageal cancer, NSCLC, PC, RCC, BPH, PCA, OC, melanoma, BRCA, CLL, MCC, SCLC, NHL, AML, GBC, CCC, UBC, and/or UEC.

Described herein are compositions for reducing body weight, reducing body fat, improving body composition and/or preventing obesity and related conditions. In certain aspects, the compositions comprise dileucine, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier thereof. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises dileucine and leucine. In further aspects, the dileucine is present from about 10% to 90% (w/w). In further aspects, the dileucine is present from about 20% to 80% (w/w). In further aspects, wherein the dileucine is present from about 30% to 70% (w/w). In further aspects, the dileucine is present from about 40% to 60% (w/w).

Described herein are compositions for reducing body weight, reducing body fat, improving body composition and/or preventing obesity and related conditions. In certain aspects, the compositions comprise dileucine, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier thereof. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises dileucine and leucine. In further aspects, the dileucine is present from about 10% to 90% (w/w). In further aspects, the dileucine is present from about 20% to 80% (w/w). In further aspects, wherein the dileucine is present from about 30% to 70% (w/w). In further aspects, the dileucine is present from about 40% to 60% (w/w).

An object of the present invention is to provide a peptide having an excellent effect in terms of preventing deterioration in cognitive function and improving cognitive function, and provide its usage. The present invention uses the tripeptide represented by Tyr-Leu-Gly as an active ingredient of a composition for improving cognitive function or a composition for promoting brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in the hippocampus. These compositions include a food composition, a food additive composition, and a pharmaceutical composition.

An object of the present invention is to provide a peptide having an excellent effect in terms of preventing deterioration in cognitive function and improving cognitive function, and provide its usage. The present invention uses the tripeptide represented by Tyr-Leu-Gly as an active ingredient of a composition for improving cognitive function or a composition for promoting brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in the hippocampus. These compositions include a food composition, a food additive composition, and a pharmaceutical composition.

The present disclosure provides methods and compositions for preventing or treating MV-induced or disuse-induced skeletal muscle infirmities in a mammalian subject. The methods further include administering to the subject an effective amount of an aromatic-cationic peptide.