An enclosure device for a concrete column formwork uses an envelope comprising a tubular wall portion and a top portion supported on the formwork such that the wall portion extends about a perimeter of the column formwork and extends vertically along a height of the column formwork and such that the top portion encloses a top end of the wall portion. The envelope also has brace openings to receive formwork braces extending therethrough and slots in the envelope communicating between the brace openings and a bottom edge of the wall portion so that the envelope can be lowered downwardly over the column formwork as the braces are inserted upwardly through the slots into the brace openings.

An enclosure device for a concrete column formwork uses an envelope comprising a tubular wall portion and a top portion supported on the formwork such that the wall portion extends about a perimeter of the column formwork and extends vertically along a height of the column formwork and such that the top portion encloses a top end of the wall portion. The envelope also has brace openings to receive formwork braces extending therethrough and slots in the envelope communicating between the brace openings and a bottom edge of the wall portion so that the envelope can be lowered downwardly over the column formwork as the braces are inserted upwardly through the slots into the brace openings.

The invention relates to a method of making a paper product 10, 10.01 to 10.14, wherein the method includes the step of adding natural reinforcing material (31, 31.1, 51, 51.1, 61, 61.1, 71, 71.1) to one of: a) a layer of pulp as it exits or after it exits from a layer formation process or apparatus; or b) a tank 20, 20.1, 20.2 of pulp prior to it exiting from a layer formation process or apparatus; or c) a combination of a) and b). Additionally, the invention relates to paper products made by this process. The present invention also provides a multi-layered material 2.10, 2.10″, 2.10.1, 2.100 to 2.1600, and 100 to 1900, and a layer treatment of a layer or layers of a multilayered material, and a multilayered material which has had such a layer or layers treated by such a layer treatment.

A form for forming a void or an architectural feature of a predetermined configuration in a moldable forming composition is disclosed. Embodiments of the invention provide an adjustable form body having first and second sides, said form body configurable between a first substantially planar position and a second non-planar position. In some embodiments, the form comprises a surface coating. A form body according to example embodiments of the invention has a plurality of grooves.

A method and apparatus for forming cemented ground support columns is disclosed. Namely, driving mandrels are provided for the efficient construction of incrementally enlarged diameter support columns. For example, the driving mandrel includes a feed tube that has a top portion and an expansion head portion. The expansion head portion further includes an expansion (or compaction) chamber and a flexible tubular egress port. Further, construction methods are provided of using the driving mandrels for the efficient construction of incrementally enlarged diameter support columns.

A method and apparatus for forming cemented ground support columns is disclosed. Namely, driving mandrels are provided for the efficient construction of incrementally enlarged diameter support columns. For example, the driving mandrel includes a feed tube that has a top portion and an expansion head portion. The expansion head portion further includes an expansion (or compaction) chamber and a flexible tubular egress port. Further, construction methods are provided of using the driving mandrels for the efficient construction of incrementally enlarged diameter support columns.

A tray-like modular building component adapted for filling with concrete after assembly with like components into a building frame, said tray-like modular building component comprising: a substantially rectangular frame with a pair of opposed sides and a pair of opposed ends defining an interior therebetween; a sheet mounted to said building frame and extending over said interior; a pair of beams, each mounted to said building frame along each said pair of sides respectively; and a pair of end plates, each mounted to said building frame along each said pair of ends respectively, wherein said sheet, said pair of beams and said pair of end plates together form an open-topped tray for receiving the concrete therein.

A tray-like modular building component adapted for filling with concrete after assembly with like components into a building frame, said tray-like modular building component comprising: a substantially rectangular frame with a pair of opposed sides and a pair of opposed ends defining an interior therebetween; a sheet mounted to said building frame and extending over said interior; a pair of beams, each mounted to said building frame along each said pair of sides respectively; and a pair of end plates, each mounted to said building frame along each said pair of ends respectively, wherein said sheet, said pair of beams and said pair of end plates together form an open-topped tray for receiving the concrete therein.

Various implementations described herein are directed to a formwork system. In one implementation, the formwork system includes aluminum extrusions and aluminum castings. The aluminum castings and the aluminum extrusions can be assembled by being pressed and riveted together.

Various implementations described herein are directed to a formwork system. In one implementation, the formwork system includes aluminum extrusions and aluminum castings. The aluminum castings and the aluminum extrusions can be assembled by being pressed and riveted together.