Disclosed herein are methods for generating a protective immunogenic response via intranasal administration of an immunogenic composition (e.g., vaccine)/therapeutic immunogenic composition in a mammalian subject. Certain dosing positions of the subject during the administration of immunogenic agents, such that nostrils are tilted upwards, while in a modified sitting, reclining and/or supine posture, is surprisingly correlated with the generation of a strong immunogenic response in both humans and animals.

A vaccine delivery method is presented that includes a composition including as one component a slurry matrix that is a liquid at room temperature and a gel at physiological pH, physiological salt concentrations and/or physiological temperatures and as a second component one or more antigens. Also included are methods of inducing an immune response in a subject and vaccinating a subject by administering such compositions.

A vaccine delivery method is presented that includes a composition including as one component a slurry matrix that is a liquid at room temperature and a gel at physiological pH, physiological salt concentrations and/or physiological temperatures and as a second component one or more antigens. Also included are methods of inducing an immune response in a subject and vaccinating a subject by administering such compositions.

The invention relates to modified Mycobacterium cells, and their uses as vaccines, and, particularly, modified Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccines. The invention extends to the use of the modified vaccines for vaccination applications in a wide range of animals, including cattle and humans. The invention extends to novel antigens, kits and compositions comprising these novel antigens and to their use in diagnosis. The invention also extends to apparatus comprising the modified vaccine and the antigens, and compositions comprising the antigens.

The invention relates to modified Mycobacterium cells, and their uses as vaccines, and, particularly, modified Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccines. The invention extends to the use of the modified vaccines for vaccination applications in a wide range of animals, including cattle and humans. The invention extends to novel antigens, kits and compositions comprising these novel antigens and to their use in diagnosis. The invention also extends to apparatus comprising the modified vaccine and the antigens, and compositions comprising the antigens.

The present invention relates to the use of an immunomodulator comprising non-pathogenic non-viable Mycobacterium, such as Mycobacterium obuense (IMM-101), and one or more biologically-active agents, suitably an antigen or antigenic determinant, in a method of treating or preventing a infection and/or the symptoms associated thereof in a human subject at elevated risk of exposure to and/or severity of said infection, such as a healthcare or social care worker or cancer patient, wherein said viral infections are preferably caused by a coronavirus. The invention is particularly applicable to those infections caused by SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, or SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). The invention also provides an adjuvant and pharmaceutical composition comprising said immunomodulator optionally with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient, as well as the use of said adjuvant or said pharmaceutical composition in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or preventions of said infections.

The present invention relates to the use of an immunomodulator comprising non-pathogenic non-viable Mycobacterium, such as Mycobacterium obuense (IMM-101), and one or more biologically-active agents, suitably an antigen or antigenic determinant, in a method of treating or preventing a infection and/or the symptoms associated thereof in a human subject at elevated risk of exposure to and/or severity of said infection, such as a healthcare or social care worker or cancer patient, wherein said viral infections are preferably caused by a coronavirus. The invention is particularly applicable to those infections caused by SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, or SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). The invention also provides an adjuvant and pharmaceutical composition comprising said immunomodulator optionally with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient, as well as the use of said adjuvant or said pharmaceutical composition in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or preventions of said infections.

Recombinant BCG, a preparation method therefor and an application thereof. A shuttle plasmid that can express a FimH protein on the surface of BCG is constructed, and a gene fragment that expresses the FimH protein is transformed into wild-type BCG to thereby obtain recombinant BCG. Upon verification, the recombinant BCG can express the FimH protein on the surface of BCG; therefore, the BCG can specifically bind to subjects that can selectively bind to the FimH protein. The recombinant BCG can also enhance the local innate immune effect and adaptive immune effect induced by BCG and the anti-tumor effect of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and also significantly improves the effect of BCG against bladder tumors, and is used to treat bladder tumors.

Recombinant BCG, a preparation method therefor and an application thereof. A shuttle plasmid that can express a FimH protein on the surface of BCG is constructed, and a gene fragment that expresses the FimH protein is transformed into wild-type BCG to thereby obtain recombinant BCG. Upon verification, the recombinant BCG can express the FimH protein on the surface of BCG; therefore, the BCG can specifically bind to subjects that can selectively bind to the FimH protein. The recombinant BCG can also enhance the local innate immune effect and adaptive immune effect induced by BCG and the anti-tumor effect of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and also significantly improves the effect of BCG against bladder tumors, and is used to treat bladder tumors.

Provided herein are Mycobacterium smegmatis porin nanopores, systems that comprise these nanopores, and methods of using and making these nanopores. Such nanopores may be wild-type MspA porins, mutant MspA porins, wild-type MspA paralog porins, wild-type MspA homolog porins, mutant MspA paralog porins, mutant MspA homolog porins, or single-chain Msp porins. Also provided are bacterial strains capable of inducible Msp porin expression.