A similar simulation experimental device of hydraulic energy-absorbing roadway support is provided. A similar model is placed in a model box, a roadway is excavated in the similar model, and hydraulic energy-absorbing support devices are placed in the roadway on the periphery of the roadway. Front and rear ends of the hydraulic energy-absorbing support device are connected to supporting plates, left and right sides of the model box are provided with horizontal hydraulic cylinders, and front ends of the horizontal hydraulic cylinders are connected to pressure plates. One or several cushion blocks are placed at the top of the model box, and an upper pressure plate is placed above the cushion block(s). Vertical hydraulic cylinders are installed at both ends of the upper pressure plate. An impact rod passing through the upper pressure plate is placed above the cushion block to apply vertical impact load to the similar model.

A similar simulation experimental device of hydraulic energy-absorbing roadway support is provided. A similar model is placed in a model box, a roadway is excavated in the similar model, and hydraulic energy-absorbing support devices are placed in the roadway on the periphery of the roadway. Front and rear ends of the hydraulic energy-absorbing support device are connected to supporting plates, left and right sides of the model box are provided with horizontal hydraulic cylinders, and front ends of the horizontal hydraulic cylinders are connected to pressure plates. One or several cushion blocks are placed at the top of the model box, and an upper pressure plate is placed above the cushion block(s). Vertical hydraulic cylinders are installed at both ends of the upper pressure plate. An impact rod passing through the upper pressure plate is placed above the cushion block to apply vertical impact load to the similar model.

A conduit segment casting mold system includes at least one inner mold; at least one outer mold configured as at least two outer mold sections of opposed shapes that define a cavity between the at least two outer mold sections that is sized to at least partially enclose the at least one inner mold, each of the at least two outer mold sections including a respective mating surface, each of the at least two outer mold sections including at least one hole sized to receive a cable, and the at least one hole of a particular one of the at least two outer mold sections is aligned with the at least one hole of another particular one of the at least two outer mold sections when the mating surfaces of the particular one and the another particular one of the at least two outer mold sections are mated; and a mold base.

A conduit segment casting mold system includes at least one inner mold; at least one outer mold configured as at least two outer mold sections of opposed shapes that define a cavity between the at least two outer mold sections that is sized to at least partially enclose the at least one inner mold, each of the at least two outer mold sections including a respective mating surface, each of the at least two outer mold sections including at least one hole sized to receive a cable, and the at least one hole of a particular one of the at least two outer mold sections is aligned with the at least one hole of another particular one of the at least two outer mold sections when the mating surfaces of the particular one and the another particular one of the at least two outer mold sections are mated; and a mold base.

A modular foundation structure for artificial surface systems may include a plurality foundation sections. Each of the foundation section may comprise a structure base layer, an adhesive layer, and an impact and thermal protective layer. The adhesive layer may cover the structural base layer, and the impact and thermal protective layer may be attached to the structural base layer via the adhesive layer. The foundation sections may be provided as separate foundation sections that may be positionable to be attached to one another to form the modular foundation structure. The foundation sections may be attachable one another with a section adhesive. Embodiments may include a connection edge that may be positioned to surround and abut a perimeter of the modular foundation structure. Embodiments may also include an artificial surface layer that may be positioned to cover an upper surface area of the modular foundation structure.

A modular foundation structure for artificial surface systems may include a plurality foundation sections. Each of the foundation section may comprise a structure base layer, an adhesive layer, and an impact and thermal protective layer. The adhesive layer may cover the structural base layer, and the impact and thermal protective layer may be attached to the structural base layer via the adhesive layer. The foundation sections may be provided as separate foundation sections that may be positionable to be attached to one another to form the modular foundation structure. The foundation sections may be attachable one another with a section adhesive. Embodiments may include a connection edge that may be positioned to surround and abut a perimeter of the modular foundation structure. Embodiments may also include an artificial surface layer that may be positioned to cover an upper surface area of the modular foundation structure.

A method for determining parameters of cross sections of a single-hole four-lane highway tunnel includes the steps of determining surrounding rock pressure, constructing numerical models under different flatness ratios, calculating interval force of lining structures, calculating safety coefficients of the lining structures, performing contrastive analysis on the cross sections under different flatness ratios, obtaining reasonable cross section forms, and so on. This method provides a basis to formulate the specifications and standards for design of a single-hole four-lane highway tunnel and may provide a reference basis to design a cross section of a single-hole four-lane highway tunnel in new construction or reconstruction and expansion, thereby ensuring safety and economic efficiency of the cross section forms of the single-hole four-lane highway tunnel.

A pit designing method is provided without coal-pillar leaving and laneway excavation. The method includes drilling a main shaft and an auxiliary shaft from a ground to a coal bed and exploiting in the coal bed first and second connection laneways. The first connection laneway is in communication with the main shaft, and the second connection laneway is in communication with the auxiliary shaft. The method further includes communicating the first and second connection laneways, and using a communication part between the first connection laneway and the second connection laneway as a first open-off cut; and by using a direction of the first open-off cut further away from the connecting line connecting the main shaft and the auxiliary shaft as a first direction, and exploiting by cutting a coal wall in the first direction using a coal mining machine.

A coal mining method is provided without coal-pillar leaving and without laneway excavation in a full mining area. The coal mining method includes drilling a main shaft, an auxiliary shaft and a return air shaft from a ground to a coal mining layer; by a coal mining machine, forming a first mining face with a first direction as an advance direction; by the coal mining machine, cutting out a first haulageway and a first return airway while cutting the coal wall at the first mining face, and preserving the first haulageway and the first return airway. In this method, the first haulageway and the first return airway are located on two sides of the first mining face, the first haulageway is in communication with both of the main and auxiliary shafts, and the first return airway is in communication with the return air shaft.

A coal mining method is provided without coal-pillar leaving and without laneway excavation in a full mining area. The coal mining method includes drilling a main shaft, an auxiliary shaft and a return air shaft from a ground to a coal mining layer; by a coal mining machine, forming a first mining face with a first direction as an advance direction; by the coal mining machine, cutting out a first haulageway and a first return airway while cutting the coal wall at the first mining face, and preserving the first haulageway and the first return airway. In this method, the first haulageway and the first return airway are located on two sides of the first mining face, the first haulageway is in communication with both of the main and auxiliary shafts, and the first return airway is in communication with the return air shaft.