The foundation system includes a below ground rigid raft foundation to bear a load for an above ground structure, and granular cushions and piles formed below the raft foundation. The granular cushions are configured for uniform load distribution of the raft foundation and the piles are configured to bear a load of the above ground structure and the raft foundation. The foundation system further includes stone columns encapsulated with a non-woven geofabric and configured to stabilize the raft foundation. The raft foundation is disposed adjacent and above the stone columns, the granular cushions are present between neighboring stone columns, and the granular cushions are present between the stone columns and the piles. The stone columns have a cementing agent for stabilization.

The foundation system includes a below ground rigid raft foundation to bear a load for an above ground structure, and granular cushions and piles formed below the raft foundation. The granular cushions are configured for uniform load distribution of the raft foundation and the piles are configured to bear a load of the above ground structure and the raft foundation. The foundation system further includes stone columns encapsulated with a non-woven geofabric and configured to stabilize the raft foundation. The raft foundation is disposed adjacent and above the stone columns, the granular cushions are present between neighboring stone columns, and the granular cushions are present between the stone columns and the piles. The stone columns have a cementing agent for stabilization.

A sliding seismic isolator includes a first plate attached to a building support, and an elongate element extending from the first plate. The seismic isolator also includes a second plate and a low-friction layer positioned between the first and second plates, the low-friction layer allowing the first and second plates to move freely relative to one another along a horizontal plane. The seismic isolator also includes a lower support member attached to the second plate, with a biasing arrangement, such as at least one spring member or at least one engineered elastomeric element, which can include one or more silicon inserts, positioned within the lower support member. The elongate element extends from the first plate at least partially into the lower support member and movement of the elongate element is influenced or controlled by the biasing arrangement.

A sliding seismic isolator includes a first plate attached to a building support, and an elongate element extending from the first plate. The seismic isolator also includes a second plate and a low-friction layer positioned between the first and second plates, the low-friction layer allowing the first and second plates to move freely relative to one another along a horizontal plane. The seismic isolator also includes a lower support member attached to the second plate, with a biasing arrangement, such as at least one spring member or at least one engineered elastomeric element, which can include one or more silicon inserts, positioned within the lower support member. The elongate element extends from the first plate at least partially into the lower support member and movement of the elongate element is influenced or controlled by the biasing arrangement.

A sliding pendulum bearing is used to protect a construction against dynamic stresses from predominantly horizontal earthquake excitation with a first sliding plate, a second sliding plate and a slider movably arranged between both sliding plates, wherein each of the two sliding plates has a curved main sliding surface and the slider is in surface contact with a first main sliding surface of the first sliding plate and with a second main sliding surface of the second sliding plate, wherein the first main sliding surface is designed for a first load case and the second main sliding surface is designed for a second load case which differs from the first load case.

A civil engineering anti-seismic structure includes a base. A fixing structure is fixedly welded at the bottom center of the base. A through-hole is provided at the top center of the base. Sliding grooves are provided on corresponding inner walls at two sides of the base. Sliding blocks are slidably connected to the sliding grooves inside the grooves and are symmetrically installed at two sides of a sliding plate. A top block is fixedly welded at the top center of the sliding plate (8), and a fixing groove is provided at the top center of the top block. A shock-absorbing damping pad is fixedly adhered to a bottom inner wall of the base. A first limiting plate is fixedly welded around the top portion of the sliding plate, and a second limiting plate is fixedly welded around the through-hole at a top inner wall of the base.

A civil engineering anti-seismic structure includes a base. A fixing structure is fixedly welded at the bottom center of the base. A through-hole is provided at the top center of the base. Sliding grooves are provided on corresponding inner walls at two sides of the base. Sliding blocks are slidably connected to the sliding grooves inside the grooves and are symmetrically installed at two sides of a sliding plate. A top block is fixedly welded at the top center of the sliding plate (8), and a fixing groove is provided at the top center of the top block. A shock-absorbing damping pad is fixedly adhered to a bottom inner wall of the base. A first limiting plate is fixedly welded around the top portion of the sliding plate, and a second limiting plate is fixedly welded around the through-hole at a top inner wall of the base.

Various embodiments of methods and apparatus for detecting a change in an orientation of a portion of a structure. In some embodiments, the apparatus includes a processor, an energy storage unit, a location reporting unit, a wireless communication module and one or more inclination sensors. In some embodiments, each of the one or more inclination sensors is configured to measure inclination by measuring an orientation of the each of the one or more inclination sensors relative to a gravitational acceleration vector.

Various embodiments of methods and apparatus for detecting a change in an orientation of a portion of a structure. In some embodiments, the apparatus includes a processor, an energy storage unit, a location reporting unit, a wireless communication module and one or more inclination sensors. In some embodiments, each of the one or more inclination sensors is configured to measure inclination by measuring an orientation of the each of the one or more inclination sensors relative to a gravitational acceleration vector.

A method for the reduction of liquefaction potential within soil of a stratum located a distance deep below a foundation of a structure through the injection of a two-part polyurethane liquid forming a polymer foam.