A method for producing a component (1) from hardenable material, wherein, in a first method step, at least one layer (2, 3) of the material is printed in a 3D printing process, in a second method step, multiple similar reinforcing elements (4) are introduced into the layer(s) (2, 3) and the two method steps are cyclically repeated until the component (1) is completed, characterized in that, with the exception of the two bottommost and the topmost layers, each reinforcing element (4) extends over at least three layers (2, 3), and the reinforcing elements (4) are arranged in strands (5) which extend through all the layers (2, 3) and have, in each layer (2, 3), at least three reinforcing elements (4), the lateral distance (A) of these reinforcing elements from each other within a strand (5) being a maximum of five times the largest lateral extent (D) of a reinforcing element (4).

An RC lattice beam is provided that can greatly dampen the transfer of vibrations in particular. As the concrete included in the RC lattice beam is polymer concrete that contains a polymer, fine-scale vibrations that may otherwise affect exposure apparatuses may be effectively dampened, while the depth of the conventional lattice beam may be kept the same. Thus, a high-damping RC lattice beam is provided that is capable of maximizing the performance of a precision exposure apparatus by reducing the defect rate and improving productivity.

An RC lattice beam is provided that can greatly dampen the transfer of vibrations in particular. As the concrete included in the RC lattice beam is polymer concrete that contains a polymer, fine-scale vibrations that may otherwise affect exposure apparatuses may be effectively dampened, while the depth of the conventional lattice beam may be kept the same. Thus, a high-damping RC lattice beam is provided that is capable of maximizing the performance of a precision exposure apparatus by reducing the defect rate and improving productivity.

An end cap for preventing ingress of moisture to the end face of a structural beam, wherein said structural beam comprises metal, stone, concrete, reinforced concrete, or a mixture thereof; said end cap comprising: (i) an end plate having a shape matching the transverse cross-section of said structural beam; and (ii) a skirt for holding said end plate in position; wherein said end plate and said skirt comprise or consist of a material for preventing transmission of moisture.

An end cap for preventing ingress of moisture to the end face of a structural beam, wherein said structural beam comprises metal, stone, concrete, reinforced concrete, or a mixture thereof; said end cap comprising: (i) an end plate having a shape matching the transverse cross-section of said structural beam; and (ii) a skirt for holding said end plate in position; wherein said end plate and said skirt comprise or consist of a material for preventing transmission of moisture.

An assembly of concrete structural elements includes a first and a second concrete lower column, and a first and a second column capitals are supported on respective upper ends of the respective first and second lower columns. At least one inverted beam is extended between the first and second column capitals. At least one lower flat surface of the inverted beam is positioned on respective edges of the first and second column capitals.

An assembly of concrete structural elements includes a first and a second concrete lower column, and a first and a second column capitals are supported on respective upper ends of the respective first and second lower columns. At least one inverted beam is extended between the first and second column capitals. At least one lower flat surface of the inverted beam is positioned on respective edges of the first and second column capitals.

A composite structural member for a building structure comprises a first elongate portion having a first end region and a second end region and a second elongate portion having a first end region and a second end region. The second end region of the first elongate portion is connected to the first end region of the second elongate portion so that the composite structural member provided thereby is substantially longer than either of the first and second elongate portions. The first elongate portion may comprise a first member suited for resisting high magnitude forces and the second elongate portion may be a second member, less well suited for resisting high forces but having lower cost per unit length. The composite structural member may be a rafter, especially a rafter of a portal frame.

A composite structural member for a building structure comprises a first elongate portion having a first end region and a second end region and a second elongate portion having a first end region and a second end region. The second end region of the first elongate portion is connected to the first end region of the second elongate portion so that the composite structural member provided thereby is substantially longer than either of the first and second elongate portions. The first elongate portion may comprise a first member suited for resisting high magnitude forces and the second elongate portion may be a second member, less well suited for resisting high forces but having lower cost per unit length. The composite structural member may be a rafter, especially a rafter of a portal frame.

The present invention relates to forms for forming poured-in-situ vertical concrete walls, columns, floors and parapets of residential or commercial buildings, in particular a form having at least one precast reinforced concrete panel.