Provided is an article having a zinc oxide coating film on a substrate, in which a surface area increase ratio Sdr measured on the surface of the zinc oxide coating film is 2.00% or more and 13.00% or less, and an antibacterial activity value (in accordance with JIS Z 2801:2010) measured on the surface of the zinc oxide coating film is 2.0 or more.

Methods for producing allograft tissue by applying an antimicrobial solution to allograft tissue. The antimicrobial solution exhibits antimicrobial activity to make allograft resistant to microbial organisms, such as bacterium. Surface-modified tissue grafts prepared by these methods are also disclosed.

A treatment system, including a conveyor bed configured to transport a plurality of products; a brushing device located along the conveyor bed and having one or more brushes that include a first antimicrobial compound; a surface treatment device including a lamp configured to emit light of a peak wavelength directed toward a portion of the conveyor bed; and a coating device configured to deliver a coating mixture onto the plurality of products on the conveyor bed.

The present invention relates to a system and method for generating and dispersing a mixture of nanoparticles and ions for neutralization of airborne pathogens in enclosed environments. A nebulizer introduces a salt precursor into a flame ionization stage, which produces a mixture of ions and nanoparticles at concentrations of at least 1.010{circumflex over ()}12 particles per cubic centimeter of air. The nanoparticles have an average size of less than 10 nanometers, and at approximately equal proportions with the ions. The systems and methods of the present invention reduce the pathogen viability by neutralization, inactivation, and agglomeration, and operate substantially free of ozone and, in alternate embodiments, include a two-duct alternating filtration arrangement for efficiency. Methods of testing include introducing pathogen surrogates into a chamber, generating the mixture of nanoparticles and ions by flame ionization, dispersing the mixture, and analyzing samples using aerosol and microbiological characterization techniques.