A hollow brick includes a bottom wall, two side walls projecting from the bottom wall, a plurality of intermediate walls projecting from the bottom wall between the side walls, a top wall opposite to the bottom wall and connecting the side walls and the intermediate walls, and a plurality of ventilation holes bounded by the bottom wall, the side walls, the intermediate walls and the top wall. The bottom wall has a plurality of foot portions projecting downwardly and spaced apart from each other. A bottom groove is formed between two adjacent ones of the foot portions.

Embodiments may include an insulated structure. The insulated structure may include a plurality of structural support members coupled together to form a frame. The insulated structure may also include a plurality of first wall boards attached to an exterior side of the frame to form an exterior wall or surface of the structure. The insulated structure may further include a spray foam insulation positioned within at least one of the wall cavities of the structure. The spray foam insulation may have an insulative R-value greater than or equal to 6.0 per inch at 40 F. The spray foam formulation may be made from a formulation that includes a reaction product of a polyisocyanate compound and a polyol compound and a blowing agent. The blowing agent may include a mixture of n-pentane and isopentane, where the mixture is at least 75% isopentane.

A hollow brick includes a bottom wall, two side walls projecting from the bottom wall, a plurality of intermediate walls projecting from the bottom wall between the side walls, a top wall opposite to the bottom wall and connecting the side walls and the intermediate walls, and a plurality of ventilation holes bounded by the bottom wall, the side walls, the intermediate walls and the top wall. The bottom wall has a plurality of foot portions projecting downwardly and spaced apart from each other. A bottom groove is formed between two adjacent ones of the foot portions.

A protected membrane roof system for installation on a roof decking comprising an upper insulation board having an upwardly-facing upper board top surface and an opposite downwardly-facing upper board bottom surface, a ballast material positioned over the upper insulation board, and at least one fastener assembly having a base seated beneath the upper board, a rod extending substantially vertically from the base of sufficient size so as to extend beyond the upper insulation board and the ballast material, and a cap engaged with the rod above the ballast material, whereby the wind uplift resistance of the protected membrane roof system is improved and scour of the ballast material is reduced by effectively anchoring the ballast material to the upper insulation board beneath the ballast material.

A protected membrane roof system for installation on a roof decking comprising an upper insulation board having an upwardly-facing upper board top surface and an opposite downwardly-facing upper board bottom surface, a ballast material positioned over the upper insulation board, and at least one fastener assembly having a base seated beneath the upper board, a rod extending substantially vertically from the base of sufficient size so as to extend beyond the upper insulation board and the ballast material, and a cap engaged with the rod above the ballast material, whereby the wind uplift resistance of the protected membrane roof system is improved and scour of the ballast material is reduced by effectively anchoring the ballast material to the upper insulation board beneath the ballast material.

Embodiments of the invention provide roofing boards and roofing systems having improved fire resistance properties and methods related to the same. According to one aspect, a roofing system is provided. The roofing system includes roofing panels positioned atop structural support members to form a roof deck. Roofing boards are positioned atop the roof deck and coupled thereto and a roofing membrane is positioned atop the roofing boards and coupled therewith. The roofing boards include a coating of a mineral based material applied to one or more surfaces in an amount between the range of about 0.10 lbs/ft.sup.2 and about 0.70 lbs/ft.sup.2. The mineral based material coating enables the roofing boards to pass the UL 790 class A tests, such as the burning brand test.

A tufted geosynthetic lightweight ballast system for roof protection in which the system comprises a composite of one or more geotextiles tufted with one or more synthetic yarns.

The present invention provides an inverted roofing system and method that is more thermally efficient, inexpensive and quicker to install, better able to withstand environmental conditions, and produces the appearance and some functional benefits of a traditional natural green roof ballast top-layer. It does not require a sloped roof gradient, and is capable of a user controlled mass per square foot roof load. The inverted roofing system and method provides a ballast top-layer that is lightweight, and maintains properties that will prevent wind uplift.

A protected membrane roof system for installation on a roof decking comprising an upper insulation board having an upwardly-facing upper board top surface and an opposite downwardly-facing upper board bottom surface and at least one through-hole communicating therebetween, a ballast material positioned over the upper insulation board, and at least one fastener assembly having a base seated substantially adjacent the upper board bottom surface, a rod extending substantially vertically from the base of sufficient size so as to extend through the through-hole of the upper insulation board and the ballast material, and a cap engaged with the rod above the ballast material, whereby the wind uplift resistance of the protected membrane roof system is improved and scour of the ballast material is reduced by effectively anchoring the ballast material to the upper insulation board beneath the ballast material.

Embodiments may include an insulated structure. The insulated structure may include a plurality of structural support members coupled together to form a frame. The insulated structure may also include a plurality of first wall boards attached to an exterior side of the frame to form an exterior wall or surface of the structure. The insulated structure may further include a spray foam insulation positioned within at least one of the wall cavities of the structure. The spray foam insulation may have an insulative R-value greater than or equal to 6.0 per inch at 40 F. The spray foam formulation may be made from a formulation that includes a reaction product of a polyisocyanate compound and a polyol compound and a blowing agent. The blowing agent may include a mixture of n-pentane and isopentane, where the mixture is at least 75% isopentane.