A cutting apparatus includes a support structure and first and second cutting assemblies. Each cutting assembly includes a rotatable cutting head and a mounting assembly for movably attaching the cutting head to the support structure. The cutting head is movable about a first pivot axis of the mounting assembly in a sideways direction relative to the support structure, and about a second pivot axis in an upwards-downwards direction. Each cutting head includes a plurality of cutting units, which each have a rotatable shaft and a cutter mounted thereon. The cutter includes a disc body and a plurality of buttons mounted in a radially peripheral portion of the disc body. At least some of the buttons have a central longitudinal axis that subtends an angle to a reference axis, which extends perpendicularly outwards from an axis of the shaft, the angle being to 20 and to 34.

A housing mount assembly for a TBM disc cutter assembly having a shaft and cutter wheel assembly includes a housing half with a body and opposite edge portions extending away from the body. A removable seat block is fixed to the housing half in a space between the edge portions, and is configured to transmit forces received from the cutter shaft to the housing half in shear. A first face of the seat block is pressed against a face of one of the edge portions, and second face is pressed against the housing half body. The seat block may be preloaded against the housing half with first and second pluralities of bolts arranged perpendicularly. The seat block is configured to be removable in the field without removing the housing half from the TBM. The seat block may be hardened to a Rockwell C hardness in the range of Rc 58 to 60.

A retractable auger boring cutter head. The cutter head has fixed cutters and at least one pivoting cutter. The pivoting cutter is biased to a position that extends beyond a diameter of a casing being installed. When pulled back through the casing, a surface of the pivoting cutter contacts the casing, reducing the effective diameter of the cutter head and allowing it to be removed.

A cutter drum for profiling a surface includes a cylindrical body extending along an axis from a first end to a second end. The cylindrical body includes a circumferential outer surface encircling the axis. A plurality of cutter mounts are attached to the circumferential outer surface of the cylindrical body. A rotary cutter is rotatably coupled to each cutter mount of the plurality of cutter mounts. A plurality of carbide picks are secured to the circumferential outer surface of the cylindrical body. Each of the carbide picks has a fixed position relative to the circumferential outer surface of the cylindrical body.

A cutter assembly for a tunnel boring machine includes first and second housing mounts each having a plate portion, an abutment flange, and a plurality of spaced seats. A cutter ring assembly is mountable in the housings and includes two or more bridging supports that include a shaft mounting portion and two end portions that abut respective housing mount flanges. The cutter ring axis of rotation is between and parallel to the housing mounts. Separate wedge members are attachable to the housing mounts, and are configured to clamp the end portions of the bridging supports against the associated flanges. In some embodiments removable seat members are provided between the housing mount seats and the wedge members. The housing mounts and removable seats are configured to permit the cutter ring assembly to be inserted inline to the housing mounts.

A roller cutter unit is mountable at a cutting head of undercutting mining machines. The cutter unit includes an elongate mount shaft to position and support a cutter ring. The cutter ring is secured to the mount shaft via a bracket having a wedge segment configured to be wedged axially and radially between the cutter ring and the shaft. Accordingly, a mounting mechanism is provided to achieve a desired force transmission pathway from the cutter ring into the shaft so as to maximize the locking action of the cutter ring at the cutter unit.

The present invention relates to methods for treating or preventing pulmonary hypertension, reducing mortality in a subject experiencing pulmonary hypertension, or inhibiting ADP-mediated vasoconstriction of pulmonary arteries in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a reversible P2Y.sub.12 receptor antagonist. Also provided are related medicaments, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods for preparing the medicaments.

Embodiments of the invention generally relate to tunnel boring machine cutter assemblies, such as ripping and scraping cutter or tool assemblies, (collectively cutter assemblies), and related methods of use and manufacturing. The various embodiments of the cutter assemblies described herein may be used in tunnel boring machines (TBMs), earth pressure balance machines (EPBs), raise drilling systems, large diameter blind drilling systems, and other types of mechanical drilling and excavation systems.

The present invention relates to methods for treating or preventing pulmonary hypertension, reducing mortality in a subject experiencing pulmonary hypertension, or inhibiting ADP-mediated vasoconstriction of pulmonary arteries in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a reversible P2Y.sub.12 receptor antagonist. Also provided are related medicaments, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods for preparing the medicaments.

Provided is a tunnel boring machine that can detect a wear condition of a disc cutter with a highly reliable configuration. The tunnel boring machine includes a measurement device. The measurement device is disposed behind the disc cutter mounted on a cutter head. The measurement device has a function as an acquisition unit that acquires cutting edge position data indicating a position of a cutting edge part of a cutter ring in the disc cutter. The tunnel boring machine further includes a DC discrimination unit that discriminates which one of a plurality of disc cutters is the disc cutter the cutting edge position data of which is acquired by the measurement device and a wear amount calculator that calculates a wear amount of the cutting edge part of the discriminated disc cutter.