A rotary manifold for a rotor assembly of a cohesion-type drive includes a manifold body extending along a drive axis for rotation thereabout, a first ductwork internal the body for fluid communication with a plurality of first chambers of the drive, and a second ductwork internal the body for fluid communication with a plurality of second chambers of the drive. The second ductwork is in fluid isolation of the first ductwork.

A rotary manifold for a rotor assembly of a cohesion-type drive includes a manifold body extending along a drive axis for rotation thereabout, a first ductwork internal the body for fluid communication with a plurality of first chambers of the drive, and a second ductwork internal the body for fluid communication with a plurality of second chambers of the drive. The second ductwork is in fluid isolation of the first ductwork.

A camshaft toothed wheel, forming a target for a camshaft rotation sensor, including a plurality of teeth distributed over its circumference. The toothed wheel including a first set of four teeth each spaced apart by 90°, and a second set of six teeth each spaced apart by 60°. The teeth of each set being distributed such that the wheel includes two portions of its circumference without an active edge of teeth over an angle of at least 35° and which are spaced apart by 180°. The teeth of the first set of teeth and of the second set of teeth being arranged such that no tooth is common to the first set of teeth and to the second set of teeth.

A camshaft toothed wheel, forming a target for a camshaft rotation sensor, including a plurality of teeth distributed over its circumference. The toothed wheel including a first set of four teeth each spaced apart by 90°, and a second set of six teeth each spaced apart by 60°. The teeth of each set being distributed such that the wheel includes two portions of its circumference without an active edge of teeth over an angle of at least 35° and which are spaced apart by 180°. The teeth of the first set of teeth and of the second set of teeth being arranged such that no tooth is common to the first set of teeth and to the second set of teeth.

A four-stroke internal combustion engine comprising an inlet cam configured to open and close an inlet valve, a No. 1 exhaust cam configured to open and close an exhaust valve, a No. 2 exhaust cam configured to open and close the same exhaust valve, wherein the No. 2 exhaust cam is angularly adjustable relative to the No. 1 exhaust cam in response to input from an operator, so that the No. 2 exhaust cam is able to be selectively engaged; wherein the No. 1 exhaust cam is configured to open and close the exhaust valve during the compression stroke, so that a selected quantity of air drawn in during the intake stroke is expelled during the compression stroke; and wherein the No. 2 exhaust cam is configured to optionally close the exhaust valve when engaged.

A four-stroke internal combustion engine comprising an inlet cam configured to open and close an inlet valve, a No. 1 exhaust cam configured to open and close an exhaust valve, a No. 2 exhaust cam configured to open and close the same exhaust valve, wherein the No. 2 exhaust cam is angularly adjustable relative to the No. 1 exhaust cam in response to input from an operator, so that the No. 2 exhaust cam is able to be selectively engaged; wherein the No. 1 exhaust cam is configured to open and close the exhaust valve during the compression stroke, so that a selected quantity of air drawn in during the intake stroke is expelled during the compression stroke; and wherein the No. 2 exhaust cam is configured to optionally close the exhaust valve when engaged.

A system and method for a variable displacement internal combustion engine using different types of pneumatic cylinder springs on skipped working cycles to control engine and aftertreatment system temperatures are described. The system and method may be used to rapidly heat up the aftertreatment system(s) and/or an engine block of the engine following a cold start by using one or more different types of pneumatic cylinder springs during skipped firing opportunities. By rapidly heating the aftertreatment system(s) and/or engine block, noxious emissions such as hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, NO.sub.x and/or particulates, following cold starts are significantly reduced.

A system and method for a variable displacement internal combustion engine using different types of pneumatic cylinder springs on skipped working cycles to control engine and aftertreatment system temperatures are described. The system and method may be used to rapidly heat up the aftertreatment system(s) and/or an engine block of the engine following a cold start by using one or more different types of pneumatic cylinder springs during skipped firing opportunities. By rapidly heating the aftertreatment system(s) and/or engine block, noxious emissions such as hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, NO.sub.x and/or particulates, following cold starts are significantly reduced.

A valve system/method suitable for an internal combustion engine (ICE), compressor pump, vacuum pump, and/or reciprocating mechanical device is disclosed. The system/method is optimized for construction of a two-stroke ICE. The rudimentary system incorporates an intake engine block cover (IEC) and exhaust engine block cover (EEC) that enclose an intake rotary valve cylinder (IVC) and exhaust rotary valve cylinder (EVC) that control intake/exhaust flow through a respective intake rotary valve port (IVP) and an exhaust rotary valve port (EVP) into and out of a combustion cylinder that provides power to a piston and crankshaft. Intake/exhaust multi-staged valves (IMV/EMV) provide intake/exhaust flow control for the IVC/IVP and EVC/EVP. An enhanced system may include a variety of intake/exhaust port seals (IPS/EPS), forced induction/discharge (FIN/FID), centrifugal advance (CAD/ICA/ECA), and/or cooling channel spool (ICS/ECS).

If an engine coolant temperature is equal to or lower than a first low-temperature determination value and a battery temperature is equal to or lower than a second low-temperature determination value when a request to start up an engine is made, the advancement driving of a variable valve operating mechanism is first started. Then, when an advancement amount of the variable valve operating mechanism later becomes equal to or larger than a prescribed startup start determination value, is started.