This invention relates to a lubricating composition comprising or resulting from the admixing of: base oil, detergent, and one or more metal alkanoates having a quaternary carbon atom at the 2 position, the 2 position, or both the 2 and 2 positions, where the lubricating composition preferably has an adhesive wear of 100 hours or more, a foam volume of 70 ml or less at 24? C., and 50 ml or less at 93.5? C., and, optionally, a total base number of 7 mgKOH/g or more.

A lubricating composition comprises an oil-soluble poly(2-oxazoline) additive having the repeat unit:
N(COR.sup.1)CH.sub.2CH.sub.2 where the number of repeat units (n) is an integer between 4 and 1000; where the polymer carries an inorganic or organic nucleophilic polymerization terminating group t, and a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl polymerization initiator group (i); and where R.sup.1 comprises a single or a mixture of linear branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl groups having 1-100 carbon atoms, some or all having 12-100 carbon atoms, or of at least one macro-monomeric hydrocarbyl group with more than 50 carbon atoms provided that when the polymer is a homopolymer and R.sup.1 lacks any hetero atoms; (A) i has a molecular weight of less than 250 g/mol, and R.sup.1 has an average number of carbon atoms of 12 to 50; or (B) n is greater than 15. The polymer may provide the composition, in the form of a lubricant, with friction modifier, and with low impact on lubricant viscosity. The polymer may be a homopolymer, a block copolymer or a star polymer.

A process for production of cylinder oil comprises providing used oil, providing fresh cylinder oil, and blending the used oil with the fresh cylinder oil. The used oil has a lower TBN value than the fresh cylinder oil. A process for the operation of an internal combustion engine comprises preparing cylinder oil as described and using the cylinder oil in the internal combustion engine. An apparatus for the preparation of a cylinder oil comprises a blending means for blending used oil and fresh cylinder oil. The blending means is in flow communication with at least one compartment of an internal combustion engine that comprises used oil or at least one storage compartment comprising used oil, at least one storage compartment for fresh cylinder oil, and at least one cylinder of an internal combustion engine. Used oil and fresh cylinder oil are used for the preparation of cylinder oil.

A process for production of cylinder oil comprises providing used oil, providing fresh cylinder oil, and blending the used oil with the fresh cylinder oil. The used oil has a lower TBN value than the fresh cylinder oil. A process for the operation of an internal combustion engine comprises preparing cylinder oil as described and using the cylinder oil in the internal combustion engine. An apparatus for the preparation of a cylinder oil comprises a blending means for blending used oil and fresh cylinder oil. The blending means is in flow communication with at least one compartment of an internal combustion engine that comprises used oil or at least one storage compartment comprising used oil, at least one storage compartment for fresh cylinder oil, and at least one cylinder of an internal combustion engine. Used oil and fresh cylinder oil are used for the preparation of cylinder oil.

A process for production of cylinder oil comprises providing used oil, providing fresh cylinder oil, and blending the used oil with the fresh cylinder oil. The used oil has a lower TBN value than the fresh cylinder oil. A process for the operation of an internal combustion engine comprises preparing cylinder oil as described and using the cylinder oil in the internal combustion engine. An apparatus for the preparation of a cylinder oil comprises a blending means for blending used oil and fresh cylinder oil. The blending means is in flow communication with at least one compartment of an internal combustion engine that comprises used oil or at least one storage compartment comprising used oil, at least one storage compartment for fresh cylinder oil, and at least one cylinder of an internal combustion engine. Used oil and fresh cylinder oil are used for the preparation of cylinder oil.

A process for production of cylinder oil comprises providing used oil, providing fresh cylinder oil, and blending the used oil with the fresh cylinder oil. The used oil has a lower TBN value than the fresh cylinder oil. A process for the operation of an internal combustion engine comprises preparing cylinder oil as described and using the cylinder oil in the internal combustion engine. An apparatus for the preparation of a cylinder oil comprises a blending means for blending used oil and fresh cylinder oil. The blending means is in flow communication with at least one compartment of an internal combustion engine that comprises used oil or at least one storage compartment comprising used oil, at least one storage compartment for fresh cylinder oil, and at least one cylinder of an internal combustion engine. Used oil and fresh cylinder oil are used for the preparation of cylinder oil.

A lubrication system for a machine includes a sump to collect a bulk portion of a fluid lubricant and a pump adapted to circulate the lubricant from the sump through a lubricant line to a lubrication target area of the machine. The lubrication system also includes a dip stick defining a first end outside of the machine, a second end immersed in the bulk portion of lubricant, and a lubricant level indicator between the first end and the second end. The lubrication system further includes an additive fixture coupled to the second end of the dip stick. The additive fixture includes at least one additive material section adapted to dissolve in the lubricant to distribute an additive chemical in lubricant circulating through the machine.

A lubrication system for a machine includes a sump to collect a bulk portion of a fluid lubricant and a pump adapted to circulate the lubricant from the sump through a lubricant line to a lubrication target area of the machine. The lubrication system also includes a dip stick defining a first end outside of the machine, a second end immersed in the bulk portion of lubricant, and a lubricant level indicator between the first end and the second end. The lubrication system further includes an additive fixture coupled to the second end of the dip stick. The additive fixture includes at least one additive material section adapted to dissolve in the lubricant to distribute an additive chemical in lubricant circulating through the machine.

A lubrication system in a machine includes a sump to collect a bulk portion of lubricant and a pump adapted to circulate the lubricant from the sump through a lubricant line to an area of the machine for lubrication. The lubrication system also includes an oil filter disposed along the lubrication line adapted to filer the lubricant flowing through the lubricant line. The lubrication further includes an additive fixture in fluid flow communication with the oil filter adapted to house at least one additive material section and distribute the additive material in a lubrication flow circulation.

A lubrication system in a machine includes a sump to collect a bulk portion of lubricant and a pump adapted to circulate the lubricant from the sump through a lubricant line to an area of the machine for lubrication. The lubrication system also includes an oil filter disposed along the lubrication line adapted to filer the lubricant flowing through the lubricant line. The lubrication further includes an additive fixture in fluid flow communication with the oil filter adapted to house at least one additive material section and distribute the additive material in a lubrication flow circulation.