The present disclosure relates to a fluid tank for storing fluid for use in a motor vehicle. The fluid tank may include a fluid tank shell that defines a chamber of the fluid tank; a heating device in the chamber of the fluid tank and configured to heat the fluid in the fluid tank; and a plastic jacket that encloses at least a portion of the heating device.

The present disclosure relates to a liquid tank to accommodate liquid for use in a vehicle. The liquid tank may include a liquid tank shell including a concavity formed in the liquid tank shell that is accessible from an outer area of the liquid tank shell; and a heater disposed within the concavity and configured to heat the liquid tank shell.

A muffler that uses baffles at a 45 relative to one another to create a helical configuration within the cylindrical housing allowing exhaust gases to pass more freely than the prior art mufflers, while maintaining superior noise reduction.

An exhaust mechanism includes: an exhaust pipe configured to circulate exhaust gas from an engine; a first outer pipe disposed along the exhaust pipe on an outer periphery of the exhaust pipe; a second outer pipe disposed along the first outer pipe on an outer periphery of the first outer pipe; a pair of intermediate members disposed on the outer periphery of the exhaust pipe, fixed to respective inner peripheral surfaces of a first end portion and a second end portion of the first outer pipe, and being lower in thermal conductivity than the exhaust pipe. A vacuum layer is provided between the first outer pipe and the second outer pipe. At least one of the intermediate members is configured to slide in an axial direction of the exhaust pipe.

A method for producing a corrosion resistant metal substrate and corrosion resistant metal substrate provided thereby. The method involves forming a plated substrate including a metal substrate provided with a nickel layer or with a nickel and cobalt layer followed by electrodepositing a molybdenum oxide layer from an aqueous solution onto the plated substrate, which is subsequently subjected to an annealing step in a reducing atmosphere to reduce the molybdenum oxide in the molybdenum oxide layer to molybdenum metal in a reduction annealing step and to form a diffusion layer which contains nickel and molybdenum, and optionally cobalt.

A method for producing a corrosion resistant metal substrate and corrosion resistant metal substrate provided thereby. The method involves forming a plated substrate including a metal substrate provided with a nickel layer or with a nickel and cobalt layer followed by electrodepositing a molybdenum oxide layer from an aqueous solution onto the plated substrate, which is subsequently subjected to an annealing step in a reducing atmosphere to reduce the molybdenum oxide in the molybdenum oxide layer to molybdenum metal in a reduction annealing step and to form a diffusion layer which contains nickel and molybdenum, and optionally cobalt.

A method for producing a corrosion resistant metal substrate and corrosion resistant metal substrate provided thereby. The method involves forming a plated substrate including a metal substrate provided with a nickel layer or with a nickel and cobalt layer followed by electrodepositing a molybdenum oxide layer from an aqueous solution onto the plated substrate, which is subsequently subjected to an annealing step in a reducing atmosphere to reduce the molybdenum oxide in the molybdenum oxide layer to molybdenum metal in a reduction annealing step and to form a diffusion layer which contains nickel and molybdenum, and optionally cobalt.

A method and apparatus for reducing at least one of HC, CO, and NO.sub.x emissions from an operating internal combustion engine fueled by hydrocarbon or similar fuels, such as alcohols, wherein a portion of the internal combustion chamber has aluminum and/or titanium containing surfaces coated with a titanium dioxide coating further comprising a dopant in and/or on the adherent titanium dioxide coating.

A method and apparatus for reducing at least one of HC, CO, and NO.sub.x, emissions from an operating internal combustion engine fueled by hydrocarbon or similar fuels, such as alcohols, wherein a portion of the internal combustion chamber has aluminum and/or titanium containing surfaces coated with a titanium dioxide coating further comprising a dopant in and/or on the adherent titanium dioxide coating.

An exhaust silencer for a motor vehicle is provided. In one example, the silencer comprises a noise-reducing structure and a heat sink to transfer heat from exhaust gases to the exterior of the silencer, the heat sink comprising two regions of fins which define a plurality of flow channels through the heat sink, the flow channels directing the flow of exhaust through the silencer from an inlet passage to an outlet passage. In this way, a temperature of the exhaust is reduced, and the silencer and downstream components of an exhaust system may be constructed of materials of a lower thermal tolerance.