A hybrid electric vehicle and a catalyst heating control method are configured to select a point in time at which catalyst heating control is performed and to perform a follow-up measure based on the selected point in time. The catalyst heating control method includes performing mode switching from a first mode in which only a drive motor is used as a driving source to a second mode in which an engine is driven in a state in which a drive shaft and the engine are disconnected from each other to start heating of a catalyst of the engine. When demand torque higher than a maximum output of the drive motor occurs before the catalyst heating is completed, the second mode is maintained until the demand torque is greater than the sum of the maximum output and a predetermined margin.

A shield for a diesel exhaust fluid injector is mounted horizontally in an opening in a side wall of an exhaust gas aftertreatment system of an internal combustion engine. The diesel exhaust fluid injector configured to inject diesel exhaust fluid in a direction generally normal to the side wall into a mixer positioned in an exhaust gas stream. The shield may include a first portion extending axially and a second portion extending radially inwardly from the first portion.

Various embodiments of monitoring systems and methods are disclosed herein to monitor particulate accumulation within a bake chamber configured to thermally treat substrates, and determine when the bake chamber requires cleaning. Embodiments of the disclosed monitoring system may generally include one or more sensors to monitor particulate accumulation on one or more inside surfaces of a bake chamber and/or a bake chamber lid assembly, and a controller, which is coupled to receive a sensor output from the one or more sensors and configured to use the sensor output to determine when cleaning is needed. Various types of sensors including, but not limited to, optical sensors, and surface acoustic wave-based sensors may be used in the present disclosure to monitor particulate accumulation inside the bake chamber.

The present invention provides a fuel supply system, for an eco-friendly ship, which selectively uses an existing fuel and an ammonia fuel or uses a mixture thereof as a fuel for a propulsion engine and a power generation engine of a ship so as to follow ship greenhouse gas regulations to be reinforced in phases at major points until 2050.

Systems, apparatuses, assemblies, and methods for diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) dosing can include a body defining an injector adaptor inlet and an injector adaptor outlet; and an injector mount or interface extending from the body. The injector mount can be between the first and second ends of the injector adaptor. The injector adaptor outlet can define an area greater than an area of the injector adaptor inlet. In a side view of the injector adaptor, at a bottom side of the body, a first straight line can extend along the body from the injector adaptor inlet to the injector adaptor outlet, and at a top side of the body opposite the bottom side, a second straight line can extend along the body from the injector adaptor inlet to the injector adaptor outlet. The second straight line can be at an acute angle relative to the first straight line.

Provided is an exhaust gas purification apparatus having a control device that monitors the transition of a detection value of each of an upstream NOx sensor and a downstream NOx sensor, and when the NOx purification rate of the SCR catalyst falls to a value of a first threshold or lower, generates an abnormality detection signal indicating that an over storage state has occurred in an SCR catalyst if the amount of change in the detection value of the upstream NOx sensor per unit time is at least a second threshold and the amount of change in the detection value of the downstream NOx sensor per unit time is at most a third threshold.

Methods and systems are provided for an exhaust system. In one example, a method may include determining presence of a zone flow based on a comparison of a first exhaust sensor and a second exhaust sensor. The presence or absence of the zone flow may determine a rate at which an air-fuel ratio is adjusted.

A particulate matter sensor includes a sensor element that includes a measurement member and a heater. An anomaly determiner performs determination that there is a break fault in a signal path of the measurement signal in response to both: (1) A first determiner, which determines whether a first measurement value of the measurement signal is higher than or equal to a predetermined normal determination threshold while the measurement voltage is applied between the measurement electrodes and the temperature of the measurement member is controlled at a first determination temperature, making a negative determination; and (2) A second determiner, which performs negative determination while the measurement voltage is applied between the measurement electrodes and the temperature of the measurement member is controlled within a predetermined temperature range that is higher than the first determination temperature and lower than a second determination temperature, making a negative determination.

A reductant dosing system includes: an injector; a fixed displacement pump in fluid communication with the injector; a reductant source in fluid communication with the fixed displacement pump; a pressure sensor assembly configured to detect a pressure of reductant in the reductant dosing system; and a controller communicatively coupled to the fixed displacement pump and to the pressure sensor assembly, wherein the controller is configured to calculate a flow rate of the fixed displacement pump based on at least a calibration value determined based on data received from the pressure sensor assembly.

A particulate matter sensor includes a sensor element that includes a measurement member and a heater. An anomaly determiner performs determination that there is a break fault in a signal path of the measurement signal in response to both

(1) A first determiner, which determines whether a first measurement value of the measurement signal is higher than or equal to a predetermined normal determination threshold while the measurement voltage is applied between the measurement electrodes and the temperature of the measurement member is controlled at a first determination temperature, making a negative determination

(2) A second determiner performing negative determination while the measurement voltage is applied between the measurement electrodes and the temperature of the measurement member is controlled within a predetermined temperature range that is higher than the first determination temperature and lower than a second determination temperature, making a negative determination