An internal combustion engine includes a throttle valve assembly having a main passage and an idle air passage. The main passage is in fluid communication with the intake valve, air being intermittently input into a combustion space through the main passage based on position of an intake valve. The idle air passage is integrally formed in the throttle valve body, and is controlled by a motor to selectively introduce air into the main passage downstream of the throttle plate. For a cylinder hole diameter in the range from 70 mm to 74 mm, both the intake valve angle defined between the intake valve axis and the cylinder axis and the exhaust valve angle defined between the exhaust valve axis and the cylinder axis are in the range from 11 degrees to 15 degrees.

An internal combustion engine includes a throttle valve assembly having a main passage and an idle air passage. The main passage is in fluid communication with the intake valve, air being intermittently input into a combustion space through the main passage based on position of an intake valve. The idle air passage is integrally formed in the throttle valve body, and is controlled by a motor to selectively introduce air into the main passage downstream of the throttle plate. For a cylinder hole diameter in the range from 70 mm to 74 mm, both the intake valve angle defined between the intake valve axis and the cylinder axis and the exhaust valve angle defined between the exhaust valve axis and the cylinder axis are in the range from 11 degrees to 15 degrees.

Embodiments of the present innovation relate to a scalable energy generator. In one arrangement, the scalable energy generator includes an alternator disposed in operable communication with a rotary valve engine. Each rotary valve includes a rotary drive mechanism which includes a first rotary valve gear coupled to a transmission gear associated with the compression assembly of the engine and a second rotary valve gear connected to a corresponding rotary valve via a shaft. Each of the first rotary valve gear and second rotary valve can be configured as a spiral bevel gear having a set of helically shaped teeth.

Embodiments of the present innovation relate to a scalable energy generator. In one arrangement, the scalable energy generator includes an alternator disposed in operable communication with a rotary valve engine. Each rotary valve includes a rotary drive mechanism which includes a first rotary valve gear coupled to a transmission gear associated with the compression assembly of the engine and a second rotary valve gear connected to a corresponding rotary valve via a shaft. Each of the first rotary valve gear and second rotary valve can be configured as a spiral bevel gear having a set of helically shaped teeth.

An internal combustion engine is equipped with a water injector for cooling the internal combustion engine by a spray of atomized water into the intake track or combustion chamber prior to ignition. The atomized water spray may be in the intake manifold or directly in the cylinder. The water is injected at a volume of between a ratio of about 95% fuel to about 5% water and about 50% fuel and about 50% water. The temperature of the internal combustion engine is maintained at between about 95 C. and about 200 C. during operation.

An internal combustion engine includes a throttle valve assembly having a main passage and an idle air passage. The main passage is in fluid communication with the intake valve, air being intermittently input into a combustion space through the main passage based on position of an intake valve. The idle air passage is integrally formed in the throttle valve body, and is controlled by a motor to selectively introduce air into the main passage downstream of the throttle plate. For a cylinder hole diameter in the range from 70 mm to 74 mm, both the intake valve angle defined between the intake valve axis and the cylinder axis and the exhaust valve angle defined between the exhaust valve axis and the cylinder axis are in the range from 11 degrees to 15 degrees.

An internal combustion engine includes a throttle valve assembly having a main passage and an idle air passage. The main passage is in fluid communication with the intake valve, air being intermittently input into a combustion space through the main passage based on position of an intake valve. The idle air passage is integrally formed in the throttle valve body, and is controlled by a motor to selectively introduce air into the main passage downstream of the throttle plate. For a cylinder hole diameter in the range from 70 mm to 74 mm, both the intake valve angle defined between the intake valve axis and the cylinder axis and the exhaust valve angle defined between the exhaust valve axis and the cylinder axis are in the range from 11 degrees to 15 degrees.