A control device for controlling an engine provided with a fuel pump including a pressurizing chamber, a plunger inserted into the pressurizing chamber and which changes a volume of the pressurizing chamber, and an on-off valve configured to open and close a suction port, is provided. When a pressurizing cycle consists of a period of pressurizing stroke in which the volume of the pressurizing chamber is reduced to allow fuel to be pressurized and a period of suction stroke in which the volume of the pressurizing chamber is increased to allow fuel to be drawn into the pressurizing chamber, a closing cycle of the on-off valve is controlled so that a ratio of the closing cycle to the pressurizing cycle becomes smaller in a second combustion mode where a partial compression-ignition combustion is performed than in a first combustion mode where SI combustion is performed.

A control device for controlling an engine provided with a fuel pump including a pressurizing chamber, a plunger inserted into the pressurizing chamber and which changes a volume of the pressurizing chamber, and an on-off valve configured to open and close a suction port, is provided. When a pressurizing cycle consists of a period of pressurizing stroke in which the volume of the pressurizing chamber is reduced to allow fuel to be pressurized and a period of suction stroke in which the volume of the pressurizing chamber is increased to allow fuel to be drawn into the pressurizing chamber, a closing cycle of the on-off valve is controlled so that a ratio of the closing cycle to the pressurizing cycle becomes smaller in a second combustion mode where a partial compression-ignition combustion is performed than in a first combustion mode where SI combustion is performed.

Using machine learning for cylinder misfire detection in a dynamic firing level modulation controlled internal combustion engine is described. In a classification embodiment, cylinder misfires are differentiated from intentional skips based on a measured exhaust manifold pressure. In a regressive model embodiment, the measured exhaust manifold pressure is compared to a predicted exhaust manifold pressure generated by neural network in response to one or more inputs indicative of the operation of the vehicle. Based on the comparison, a prediction is made if a misfire has occurred or not. In yet other alternative embodiment, angular crank acceleration is used as well for misfire detection.

Using machine learning for cylinder misfire detection in a dynamic firing level modulation controlled internal combustion engine is described. In a classification embodiment, cylinder misfires are differentiated from intentional skips based on a measured exhaust manifold pressure. In a regressive model embodiment, the measured exhaust manifold pressure is compared to a predicted exhaust manifold pressure generated by neural network in response to one or more inputs indicative of the operation of the vehicle. Based on the comparison, a prediction is made if a misfire has occurred or not. In yet other alternative embodiment, angular crank acceleration is used as well for misfire detection.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a metal-organic framework composition including a metal-organic framework having an ana topology, the metal-organic framework including one or more metals connected to one or more organic linkers. Embodiments of the present disclosure further provide a method of separating chemical species including contacting a metal-organic framework having an ana topology with a flow of paraffins and separating the paraffins.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a metal-organic framework composition including a metal-organic framework having an ana topology, the metal-organic framework including one or more metals connected to one or more organic linkers. Embodiments of the present disclosure further provide a method of separating chemical species including contacting a metal-organic framework having an ana topology with a flow of paraffins and separating the paraffins.

Embodiments of the present disclosure describe a zeolite-like metal-organic framework composition comprising a metal-organic framework composition with ana topology characterized by the formula [M.sup.III(4, 5-imidazole dicarboxylic acid).sub.2X(solvent).sub.a].sub.n wherein M.sup.III comprises a trivalent cation of a rare earth element, X comprises an alkali metal element or alkaline earth metal element, and solvent comprises a guest molecule occupying pores. Embodiments of the present disclosure describe a method of separating paraffins comprising contacting a zeolite-like metal-organic framework with ana topology with a flow of paraffins, and separating the paraffins by size.

A split-cycle engine includes: a first cylinder housing a first piston, wherein the first piston performs an intake stroke and a compression stroke, but does not perform an exhaust stroke; a second cylinder housing a second piston, wherein the second piston performs an expansion stroke and an exhaust stroke, but does not perform an intake stroke; and a valve chamber housing a valve, the valve comprising an internal chamber that selectively fluidly couples to the first and second cylinders, wherein the valve and internal chamber move within the valve chamber and relative to the first and second cylinders.

A split-cycle engine includes: a first cylinder housing a first piston, wherein the first piston performs an intake stroke and a compression stroke, but does not perform an exhaust stroke; a second cylinder housing a second piston, wherein the second piston performs an expansion stroke and an exhaust stroke, but does not perform an intake stroke; and a valve chamber housing a valve, the valve comprising an internal chamber that selectively fluidly couples to the first and second cylinders, wherein the valve and internal chamber move within the valve chamber and relative to the first and second cylinders.

Systems and methods for separating hydrocarbons on an internal combustion powered vehicle via one or more metal organic frameworks are disclosed. Systems and methods can further include utilizing separated hydrocarbons and exhaust to generate hydrogen gas for use as fuel.