The aim of the invention is to economically produce a pressure measuring sensor element, and relates, according to one aspect, to a method for producing a pressure sensor measuring element for a pressure sensor which comprises at least one membrane and a covering protecting the membrane, the pressure sensor element being produced in a layer-by-layer generative production method. This makes it possible to, for example, easily construct a combination sensor for detecting pressure and an additional parameter. It is also possible to structures for reinforcement or for influencing resonant frequency or for influencing heat conduction.

A test method includes deriving road grade information or wind load information from test schedule torque outputs generated by a dynamometer operatively arranged with a first vehicle, and controlling an accelerator pedal, an accelerator pedal signal, a fuel injector, a manifold pressure, a motor controller, or a throttle valve associated with the first or a second vehicle according to a speed schedule such that the dynamometer, or another dynamometer, programmed with the road grade information or wind load information and operatively arranged with the first or second vehicle applies a load to the first or second vehicle that reflects the road grade information or wind load information.

A method for ascertaining emissions of a motor vehicle driven with the aid of an internal combustion engine in a practical driving operation. A machine learning system is trained to generate time curves of the operating variables with the aid of measured time curves of operating variables of the motor vehicle and/or of the internal combustion engine, and to then ascertain the emissions as a function of these generated time curves.

An engine system includes an engine having a housing and moving parts for converting energy into mechanical motion; and a first containment blanket having a sheet member and a fastening system. The sheet member extends below a bottom of the engine housing. The fastening system holds the sheet member to the engine such that the first containment blanket laterally shrouds the engine housing to contain debris projected from the engine housing.

An engine system includes an engine having a housing and moving parts for converting energy into mechanical motion; and a first containment blanket having a sheet member and a fastening system. The sheet member extends below a bottom of the engine housing. The fastening system holds the sheet member to the engine such that the first containment blanket laterally shrouds the engine housing to contain debris projected from the engine housing.

In a method for learning a mapping used by a computer, the mapping calculates a probability related to a categorization result using an internal combustion engine state variable as an input. The categorization result is a result of categorizing a state of an internal combustion engine into one of regions. The computer outputs the categorization result based on the calculated probability. The method includes inputting multiple training data to a training computer. The training data include the internal combustion engine state variable and the categorization result that is correct and associated with the internal combustion engine state variable. The method further includes updating the mapping based on the training data with the training computer. The training data are distributed to the regions and have a distribution density that is increased at locations closer to a border between the regions.

A generator includes an internal combustion engine and a carbon monoxide (CO) sensor unit. The CO sensor unit includes a CO sensor controller including a CO sensing circuit configured to detect a level of CO and a shutdown circuit. The shutdown circuit is configured to receive a detected level of CO and calculate a trailing window average of the detected level of CO. The trailing window average includes an average of the detected level of CO over a predetermined sampling window. The shutdown circuit is further configured to determine whether to initiate a shutdown of the generator based on at least the calculated trailing window average and a predetermined trailing window average threshold and initiate the shutdown of the generator based on determining that the trailing window average exceeds the predetermined trailing window average threshold.

Improvements in a mechanism that determines top dead center of an internal combustion engine where detecting the top of the stroke can be difficult to determine as the crank is being rotated. The gauge set mounts into a spark plug or fuel injector hole. These holes are usually a tapped hole where the piston position gauge can be threaded into, to provide a stable and concentric mount where the measurement pin passes through the exterior threaded shaft of the mount. A pin extends into the cylinder to determine when the piston is approaching and at the top of the cylinder. The mount is an elongated stalk that allows for additional cam gauges where the cam gauges can be mounted and linearly adjustable on the single stalk. The measurement is with dial indicators so a user can measure three varying engine parts to determine the top-dead-center.

A sensor failure diagnostic apparatus includes a first estimation unit to estimate a mixing ratio of each type of a molecular structure included in a fuel, based on combustion parameters when a combustion of an internal combustion engine is executed in different combustion conditions, among the combustion parameters sensed by a combustion sensor, a second estimation unit to estimate the mixing ratio, based on characteristic parameters sensed by a characteristic sensor, a combustion sensor diagnostic unit to determine whether a failure of the combustion sensor exists, based on a sensed value of the combustion sensor when the combustion is not executed, and a characteristic sensor diagnostic unit to determine whether a failure of the characteristic sensor exists, by comparing the mixing ratio estimated by the first estimation unit with the mixing ratio estimated by the second estimation unit when the combustion sensor diagnostic unit determines the combustion sensor is normal.

A method for operating a nitrogen oxide sensor comprising: sensing a first measurement signal of the nitrogen oxide sensor, the first measurement signal representing a detected voltage between a reference electrode and an external electrode; sensing a second measurement signal representing a measured gas content in a measuring chamber of the nitrogen oxide sensor; comparing the first measurement signal with a predefined first threshold value; and if the first threshold value is exceeded, assigning the second measurement signal to an emission of NH3.