The disclosure provides a platinum-containing three-way conversion (TWC) catalyst, and a system for treating an exhaust gas stream from a gasoline engine using the TWC catalyst. The system is configured to introduce controlled quantities of hydrogen gas into the exhaust gas stream upstream of the platinum-containing TWC catalyst article during a cold-start period. Further provided are related methods of treating such exhaust streams. Such systems and methods are useful in reducing a level of one or more of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxide in a gaseous exhaust stream from a gasoline engine.

The disclosure provides a platinum-containing three-way conversion (TWC) catalyst, and a system for treating an exhaust gas stream from a gasoline engine using the TWC catalyst. The system is configured to introduce controlled quantities of hydrogen gas into the exhaust gas stream upstream of the platinum-containing TWC catalyst article during a cold-start period. Further provided are related methods of treating such exhaust streams. Such systems and methods are useful in reducing a level of one or more of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxide in a gaseous exhaust stream from a gasoline engine.

Aspects relate to zero-emission propulsion systems and generators using ammonia (NH.sub.3) as fuel for engines and power plants. While ammonia has poor flammability, mixing hydrogen with ammonia (NH.sub.3) may improve flammability and thus facilitate the ignition of an air/ammonia mixture in engines or power plants. Alternatively, hydrogen (H.sub.2) may be supplied in a separate fuel system as a pilot fuel for pilot ignition of an air/ammonia mixture. Hydrogen can also be used in air independent systems along with oxygen (O.sub.2) from an oxygen tank. In addition to hydrogen, other bio or fossil fuels can be used as pilot fuel for pilot ignition of an air/ammonia mixture. An advantage of using existing bio or fossil fuels for pilot ignition is that engines or power plants will have a pilot fuel system with sufficient capacity to maintain normal operations if ammonia is not available.

Aspects relate to zero-emission propulsion systems and generators using ammonia (NH.sub.3) as fuel for engines and power plants. While ammonia has poor flammability, mixing hydrogen with ammonia (NH.sub.3) may improve flammability and thus facilitate the ignition of an air/ammonia mixture in engines or power plants. Alternatively, hydrogen (H.sub.2) may be supplied in a separate fuel system as a pilot fuel for pilot ignition of an air/ammonia mixture. Hydrogen can also be used in air independent systems along with oxygen (O.sub.2) from an oxygen tank. In addition to hydrogen, other bio or fossil fuels can be used as pilot fuel for pilot ignition of an air/ammonia mixture. An advantage of using existing bio or fossil fuels for pilot ignition is that engines or power plants will have a pilot fuel system with sufficient capacity to maintain normal operations if ammonia is not available.

The present invention relates to a zero emission propulsion system and generator sets using ammonia (NH.sub.3) as fuel for engines and power plants such as steam boilers (5) for steam turbines (7), piston engines (9), fuel cells (10) or Stirling engines (11). Due to the poor flammability of ammonia (NH.sub.3), a hydrogen reactor (4) can split ammonia (NH.sub.3) into hydrogen (H.sub.2) and nitrogen (N.sub.2). The hydrogen (H.sub.2) can be placed in a hydrogen tank (8) for intermediate storage and the nitrogen can be stored in a nitrogen tank (6). The hydrogen (H.sub.2) could be mixed with ammonia (NH.sub.3) to improve flammability and thus facilitate the ignition of an air/ammonia (NH.sub.3) mixture in engines or power plants (5, 9, 11). Alternatively, hydrogen (¾) may be supplied in a separate fuel system (5-1, 9-5, 11-8) as a pilot fuel for pilot ignition of an air/ammonia (NH3) mixture. The hydrogen (H.sub.2) can also be used in AIP systems along with oxygen (O2) from an oxygen tank (22). The hydrogen (H.sub.2) will then be used for fuel cells (10), for combustion in a steam turbine inlet/high pressure side (7-1), or in a Stirling engine (11). In addition to hydrogen (H.sub.2), other bio and fossil fuels from the fuel tank (12) can be used as pilot fuel for pilot ignition of an air/ammonia (NH.sub.3) mixture. The advantage of using existing bio or fossil fuels for pilot ignition is that engines or power plants (5, 9, 11) will have a pilot fuel system with sufficient capacity to maintain normal operations if ammonia (NH.sub.3) is not available. Alternatively, that engines or power plants (5, 9, 11) have an additional fuel system for existing bio or fossil fuels in order to maintain normal operations if ammonia (NH.sub.3) is not available. The nitrogen (N.sub.2) in the nitrogen tank (6) can be used as a gas in fire extinguishing systems or for submarine ballast tank blows.

The present invention relates to a zero emission propulsion system and generator sets using ammonia (NH.sub.3) as fuel for engines and power plants such as steam boilers (5) for steam turbines (7), piston engines (9), fuel cells (10) or Stirling engines (11). Due to the poor flammability of ammonia (NH.sub.3), a hydrogen reactor (4) can split ammonia (NH.sub.3) into hydrogen (H.sub.2) and nitrogen (N.sub.2). The hydrogen (H.sub.2) can be placed in a hydrogen tank (8) for intermediate storage and the nitrogen can be stored in a nitrogen tank (6). The hydrogen (H.sub.2) could be mixed with ammonia (NH.sub.3) to improve flammability and thus facilitate the ignition of an air/ammonia (NH.sub.3) mixture in engines or power plants (5, 9, 11). Alternatively, hydrogen (¾) may be supplied in a separate fuel system (5-1, 9-5, 11-8) as a pilot fuel for pilot ignition of an air/ammonia (NH3) mixture. The hydrogen (H.sub.2) can also be used in AIP systems along with oxygen (O2) from an oxygen tank (22). The hydrogen (H.sub.2) will then be used for fuel cells (10), for combustion in a steam turbine inlet/high pressure side (7-1), or in a Stirling engine (11). In addition to hydrogen (H.sub.2), other bio and fossil fuels from the fuel tank (12) can be used as pilot fuel for pilot ignition of an air/ammonia (NH.sub.3) mixture. The advantage of using existing bio or fossil fuels for pilot ignition is that engines or power plants (5, 9, 11) will have a pilot fuel system with sufficient capacity to maintain normal operations if ammonia (NH.sub.3) is not available. Alternatively, that engines or power plants (5, 9, 11) have an additional fuel system for existing bio or fossil fuels in order to maintain normal operations if ammonia (NH.sub.3) is not available. The nitrogen (N.sub.2) in the nitrogen tank (6) can be used as a gas in fire extinguishing systems or for submarine ballast tank blows.

A power system including a variable volume combustion chamber for a two-stroke engine having a controlled exhaust port, a fuel injector to the combustion chamber, an oxygen injector to the combustion chamber and a water injector to the combustion chamber. The fuel, oxygen and water injectors controlled by a CPU provide repeated serial pulses of fuel, oxygen and water to complete a charge. An ignition chamber receives a compressed charge then ignited by a spark plug to pass through a restricted port to the main combustion chamber. A source of pressurized concentrated oxygen to the oxygen injector is in a closed air separator having a ceramic membrane of yttrium stabilized zirconia with a synthesized double perovskite nanofiber catalyst coating.

A power system including a variable volume combustion chamber for a two-stroke engine having a controlled exhaust port, a fuel injector to the combustion chamber, an oxygen injector to the combustion chamber and a water injector to the combustion chamber. The fuel, oxygen and water injectors controlled by a CPU provide repeated serial pulses of fuel, oxygen and water to complete a charge. An ignition chamber receives a compressed charge then ignited by a spark plug to pass through a restricted port to the main combustion chamber. A source of pressurized concentrated oxygen to the oxygen injector is in a closed air separator having a ceramic membrane of yttrium stabilized zirconia with a synthesized double perovskite nanofiber catalyst coating.

A method for reducing NOx emissions during operation of an internal combustion engine in commerce which, when burning hydrocarbon fuel as a primary fuel, in the absence of any secondary fuel, has a characteristic stoichiometric ration. The method includes the following: in the absence of electrolytic activity, providing and entraining a quenching species in a gaseous medium and then interacting the quenching species with constituents present during oxidation of the primary fuel in a combustion chamber of the engine.

A method for reducing NOx emissions during operation of an internal combustion engine in commerce which, when burning hydrocarbon fuel as a primary fuel, in the absence of any secondary fuel, has a characteristic stoichiometric ration. The method includes the following: in the absence of electrolytic activity, providing and entraining a quenching species in a gaseous medium and then interacting the quenching species with constituents present during oxidation of the primary fuel in a combustion chamber of the engine.