A silicate mixture and a combustion accelerator increase combustion efficiency in a combustion engine. The silicate mixture is formed by mixing a first component including one or two or more materials selected from silicon compounds including silicon, glass, and quartz, and a second component including one or two or more materials selected from materials formed by sintering a silicate mineral at a temperature of 1300° C. or higher and 2000° C. or lower and ores emitting a terahertz wave.

A method and apparatus are provided for controlling a fuel delivery system to limit acidic corrosion. An exemplary control system includes a controller, at least one monitor, an output, and a remediation system. The monitor of the control system may collect and analyze data indicative of a corrosive environment in the fuel delivery system. The output of the control system may automatically warn an operator of the fueling station of the corrosive environment so that the operator can take preventative or corrective action. The remediation system of the control system may take at least one corrective action to remediate the corrosive environment in the fuel delivery system.

A fuel tank disinfection system, including one or more ultraviolet (UV) light emitters disposed within a fuel tank and configured to irradiate one or more water collecting areas within the fuel tank with UV light; and one or more UV light sensors disposed within the fuel tank and in proximity to the one or more water collecting areas and configured to measure the UV light irradiated on the one or more water collecting areas.

A fuel-efficient and fuel-saving device is provided and includes a first fuel-modification device, an air-refining device, and a tubing-type fuel-modification device. The first fuel-modification device is arranged in a fuel tank. The air-refining device is arranged under a filter screen of an air filter of an internal combustion engine, and the tubing-type fuel-modification device is arranged above a pipeline between the internal combustion engine and the fuel tank. The first fuel-modification device includes a first metal box body and a plurality of nano far-infrared ceramic particles. The surface of the first metal box body has a plurality of uniformly arranged air holes. The plurality of nano far-infrared ceramic particles is arranged in the first metal box body. The ball diameter of the nano far-infrared ceramic particles is larger than the diameter of the air holes.

A droplet detection system includes a sensing channel, such as a microfluidic channel, configured to receive a flow of fluid that may contain one or more liquid droplets dispersed in the fluid. The cross-sectional area of the sensing channel maybe configured to allow droplets of a predetermined size to flow through the channel one at a time. A light source, a light aperture, and a light detector are positioned outside the sensing channel, which use light in a selected frequency band that has a substantially different absorbance for the liquid compared to the fluid. Liquid droplets may be detected and characterized using a signal from the light detector.

A split cycle internal combustion engine comprising a compression cylinder accommodating a compression piston; a combustion cylinder accommodating a combustion piston; a crossover passage between the compression cylinder and the combustion cylinder arranged to provide working fluid to the combustion cylinder; a controller arranged to determine a peak temperature of combustion in the combustion cylinder based on a received indication of a peak temperature of combustion in the combustion cylinder; and a coolant system arranged to regulate a temperature of the working fluid supplied to the combustion cylinder; wherein, in response to determining that the peak temperature of combustion exceeds a selected threshold, the controller is configured to control the coolant system to regulate the temperature of the working fluid supplied to the combustion cylinder so that a peak temperature of combustion in the combustion cylinder is less than the selected threshold.

A split cycle internal combustion engine comprising a compression cylinder accommodating a compression piston; a combustion cylinder accommodating a combustion piston; a crossover passage between the compression cylinder and the combustion cylinder arranged to provide working fluid to the combustion cylinder; a controller arranged to determine a peak temperature of combustion in the combustion cylinder based on a received indication of a peak temperature of combustion in the combustion cylinder; and a coolant system arranged to regulate a temperature of the working fluid supplied to the combustion cylinder; wherein, in response to determining that the peak temperature of combustion exceeds a selected threshold, the controller is configured to control the coolant system to regulate the temperature of the working fluid supplied to the combustion cylinder so that a peak temperature of combustion in the combustion cylinder is less than the selected threshold.

A combustion engine electromagnetic energy disruptor includes shaped disruptor carried in an enclosure, and configured to disrupt, distort, and/or agitate electromagnetic energy proximate a combustion engine and fuel system. The disruptor incorporates electromagnetically responsive constituents dispersed in a substantially water-free resin hardened above about Shore D 60 into a predetermined volume and density. The resin and constituents are combined to have a mass ratio of about 50% resin and 50% powdered constituents. A permittivity of the enclosure does not exceed about 3.5, and of the resin and constituents in combination substantially exceeds about 3.5. The resin includes a urethane resin that is mixed prior to curing into a substantially homogenous dispersion with the constituents. The constituents include one or more of piezoelectric, diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferrimagnetic, and ferromagnetic materials. Such materials include one or more of powdered quartz, black tourmaline, magnetite, iron, iron oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide, aluminum, and graphite.

A combustion engine electromagnetic energy disruptor includes shaped disruptor carried in an enclosure, and configured to disrupt, distort, and/or agitate electromagnetic energy proximate a combustion engine and fuel system. The disruptor incorporates electromagnetically responsive constituents dispersed in a substantially water-free resin hardened above about Shore D 60 into a predetermined volume and density. The resin and constituents are combined to have a mass ratio of about 50% resin and 50% powdered constituents. A permittivity of the enclosure does not exceed about 3.5, and of the resin and constituents in combination substantially exceeds about 3.5. The resin includes a urethane resin that is mixed prior to curing into a substantially homogenous dispersion with the constituents. The constituents include one or more of piezoelectric, diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferrimagnetic, and ferromagnetic materials. Such materials include one or more of powdered quartz, black tourmaline, magnetite, iron, iron oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide, aluminum, and graphite.

Atomic oxygen is provided for the purpose of promoting reliable ignition and smooth combustion in a spark ignition internal combustion engine is to disperse a low concentration of an atomic oxygen precursor, such as nitrous oxide (N.sub.2O), into the flammable mixture of air and gasoline vapor prior to the time of ignition. The introduction of N.sub.2O may take place in the intake manifold, in the stream of exhaust gas being returned as part of the EGR process, or directly into the combustion chamber (for example through a small orifice in the base of the spark plug or through a small nozzle located elsewhere in the cylinder head). Introduction of N.sub.2O directly into the combustion chamber may be continuous, or it may be pulsed so as to occur at the time of, or shortly before, spark ignition.