A fuel system for an internal combustion engine includes a common rail and a plurality of fuel injectors connected to the common rail and each including an outlet check, an injection control valve, and an injection rate controller. The injection rate controller varies a flow area to a nozzle of the fuel injector such that a pressure drop through the fuel injector is varied to provide injection rate shaping.

A boot includes an annular body that defines a thru-bore with a thru-bore diameter, and a bore axis. The boot further defines an overall axial length, an exterior, a first axial end, a second axial end, and an aperture that radially extends from the thru-bore to the exterior.

A fuel injector extends along an injector axis from a proximal side to a distal side. The fuel injector comprises: a solenoid unit comprising a magnetic coil in a solenoid housing, the solenoid unit circumferentially surrounding a distal aperture around the injector axis; a cable element connected to the magnetic coil; a coherent plastic body comprising a solenoid portion molded onto the solenoid unit, a cable portion extending proximal from the solenoid portion and molded over the cable element, and a holder portion that is disposed proximal from the solenoid unit and that circumferentially surrounds a proximal aperture around the injector axis; and an axially extending injector body, which is adapted for guiding fuel from the proximal side to a nozzle at the distal side, which injector body is received in the first and second aperture.

A fuel injector includes a needle that can move between an entirely open position and a closed position is provided with a device for identifying the position of the needle, in which an electrical circuit is closed in the two extreme positions, the needle being in electrical contact with ground, the circuit being open in any other intermediate position of the needle, the needle not being grounded.

A boot includes an annular body that defines a thru-bore with a thru-bore diameter, and a bore axis. The boot further defines an overall axial length, an exterior, a first axial end, a second axial end, and an aperture that radially extends from the thru-bore to the exterior.

An injection control device controls a solenoid in a fuel injection valve. The injection control device includes a transistor on an upstream side of a first power supply path to the solenoid, and a transistor on an upstream side of a second power supply path to the solenoid. The injection control device has another transistor with a body diode arranged in parallel at a position between an upstream terminal of the solenoid and ground. The injection control device also includes a transistor on the downstream side of the first and second power supply paths. A drive controller in the injection control device drives the solenoid to an open position by switching ON the transistor on the downstream side and one of the transistors on the upstream side power supply paths.

An electronic fuel injection throttle body unit has a core body with two side components. The two side components each including a fuel delivery passage. Four air intake passages extending vertically through the throttle body. Valves are rotatable within the air intake passages. The valves being connected to valve shafts that rotate about respective valve shaft axes. The valve shaft axes and the fuel delivery passages are perpendicular to each other.

An electromagnetic device, such as an actuator for electrovalves or injectors, particularly for endothermal engines includes a coil winding of an electric wire covered with an insulating layer made of overmoulded plastic material. In order to prevent the electric wire from breaking at the ends thereof connected to the electric terminals, a protective insert is applied prior to the plastic moulding step. The insert is also made of thermoplastic material, so that it can melt locally together with the cover material, thereby ensuring a stable and effective union during the moulding process. The invention also relates to a process for manufacturing the device.

An electronic fuel injection throttle body unit has a core body with two side components. The two side components each including a fuel delivery passage. Four air intake passages extending vertically through the throttle body. Valves are rotatable within the air intake passages. The valves being connected to valve shafts that rotate about respective valve shaft axes. The valve shaft axes and the fuel delivery passages are perpendicular to each other.

The present invention relates to silica hollow nanoparticles having inside their cavity a metal core consisting of inorganic nanostructures coated by a protective agent and agglomerated with a polymeric aggregating agent, useful in particular in medicine in the bio-imaging techniques and/or in the radio-therapeutic or chemo-therapeutic techniques; the invention moreover refers to a process for the preparation of such nanoparticles.