A spark plug assembly includes a housing having an inner wall defining a bore, the housing having an open end connected to the bore, a ceramic insulator disposed within the bore and having a conical nose extending from the open end, an insulator electrode extending from the conical nose, a ground electrode coupled to and extending from the housing, wherein a spark gap is defined between the insulator electrode and the ground electrode, and a volume defined between the housing inner wall and an outer wall of the conical nose. The volume includes (i) a primary cavity, and (ii) a wide recirculation cavity defining a curved path such that gas flow entering the volume is received therein in a first direction and redirected in a second opposite direction to create an cooling airflow along the ceramic insulator and reduce a risk of low speed pre-ignition.

A spark plug assembly includes a housing having an inner wall defining a bore, the housing having an open end connected to the bore, a ceramic insulator disposed within the bore and having a conical nose extending from the open end, an insulator electrode extending from the conical nose, a ground electrode coupled to and extending from the housing, wherein a spark gap is defined between the insulator electrode and the ground electrode, and a volume defined between the housing inner wall and an outer wall of the conical nose. The volume includes (i) a primary cavity, and (ii) a wide recirculation cavity defining a curved path such that gas flow entering the volume is received therein in a first direction and redirected in a second opposite direction to create an cooling airflow along the ceramic insulator and reduce a risk of low speed pre-ignition.

A method of responding to a detected blowout in a coil ignition system is provided in this disclosure. The method includes receiving a characteristic regarding operation of a coil ignition system; determining a blowout condition exists for the coil ignition system based on the characteristic; and providing a command to the coil ignition system based on the determination that the blowout condition exists, wherein the command is structured to reduce a residual charge amount in the coil ignition system.

A method of responding to a detected blowout in a coil ignition system is provided in this disclosure. The method includes receiving a characteristic regarding operation of a coil ignition system; determining a blowout condition exists for the coil ignition system based on the characteristic; and providing a command to the coil ignition system based on the determination that the blowout condition exists, wherein the command is structured to reduce a residual charge amount in the coil ignition system.

Provided is a discharge stopping device for stopping a spark discharge during discharge, including an ignition plug, an ignition coil, a power source device, a first switch, and a controller which causes a spark discharge to be generated by controlling the switching of the first switch, the discharge stopping device further including a second switch which is disposed in a current circulation path connecting both ends of a primary coil of the ignition coil and switches the current circulation path between connected and disconnected states, wherein the controller includes a re-energization control process unit which switches the first switch to a connected state and re-energizes the primary coil with current during occurrence of the spark discharge, and a circulation control process unit which switches a second switch to a connected state and sets a current circulation path to a connected state during occurrence of the spark discharge.

Provided is a discharge stopping device for stopping a spark discharge during discharge, including an ignition plug, an ignition coil, a power source device, a first switch, and a controller which causes a spark discharge to be generated by controlling the switching of the first switch, the discharge stopping device further including a second switch which is disposed in a current circulation path connecting both ends of a primary coil of the ignition coil and switches the current circulation path between connected and disconnected states, wherein the controller includes a re-energization control process unit which switches the first switch to a connected state and re-energizes the primary coil with current during occurrence of the spark discharge, and a circulation control process unit which switches a second switch to a connected state and sets a current circulation path to a connected state during occurrence of the spark discharge.

An ignition system of a combustion engine has a start-up adjustment curve with a maximum rotational speed, an operating adjustment curve and a switch-over device for switching between curves. The start-up adjustment curve is selected in the case of a start-up of the combustion engine. A rotational speed curve is divided into adjacent cycles. The start of the first cycle is the point in time of the second ignition after the start-up and the start of the subsequent cycles is in each case the point in time of ignition at which the rotational speed is less than in the case of the subsequent point in time of ignition. The criterion for switching to the operating adjustment curve is whether the average of the rotational speeds of successive cycles differs by less than a first tolerance value.

An ignition system of a combustion engine has a start-up adjustment curve with a maximum rotational speed, an operating adjustment curve and a switch-over device for switching between curves. The start-up adjustment curve is selected in the case of a start-up of the combustion engine. A rotational speed curve is divided into adjacent cycles. The start of the first cycle is the point in time of the second ignition after the start-up and the start of the subsequent cycles is in each case the point in time of ignition at which the rotational speed is less than in the case of the subsequent point in time of ignition. The criterion for switching to the operating adjustment curve is whether the average of the rotational speeds of successive cycles differs by less than a first tolerance value.

A method for preventing back fire of an engine by a device for preventing back fire of an engine, may include monitoring operating information of the engine; determining whether the back fire occurs by using the operating information of the engine; and controlling an ignition timing to be retarded when the back fire occurs as the determination result.

The specification relates to a composite particle for storing lithium. The composite particle is used in an electrochemical cell. The composite particle includes a metal oxide on the surface of the composite particle, a major dimension that is approximately less than or equal to 40 microns and a formula of MMZ, wherein M is from the group of Si and Sn, M is from a group of Mn, Mg, Al, Mo, Bronze, Be, Ti, Cu, Ce, Li, Fe, Ni, Zn, Co, Zr, K, and Na, and Z is from the group of O, Cl, P, C, S, H, and F.