Disclosed herein is a propulsion system comprising: a solid conductive or semiconductive cathode (130); an anode (110) having a potential difference relative to said cathode (130), said potential difference creating an electric field between said anode (110) and said cathode (130); and an insulated trigger (150) adapted to trigger an arc discharge from a point on a upper surface of said cathode (130) in pulses, when said trigger (150) and cathode (130) are substantially in a vacuum, said trigger being bounded within the cathode so that the point at which the arc is triggered is located on the upper surface of said cathode.

An ion thruster is provided allowing a plasma discharge to be generated and confined in an external confinement space created by an external magnetic field B.

An inductive plasma acceleration apparatus, comprising a pulse laser assembly, a pulsed discharge assembly, an exciting coil assembly, a solid-state working medium, and a control assembly; the exciting coil assembly is electrically connected to the pulsed discharge assembly such that a strong pulse current is produced in the exciting coil assembly during the discharge process of the pulse discharge assembly, and an inductive pulse electromagnetic field is excited around the exciting coil assembly; the solid-state working medium is positioned on the optical path of a pulse laser emitted by the pulse laser assembly such that the solid-state working medium produces a pulse gas under the ablation action of the pulse laser, and the inductive pulse electromagnetic field is positioned on the circulation gas path of the pulse gas such that the pulse gas can enter the inductive pulse electromagnetic field.

Aspects disclosed herein include graphite and hexagonal boron nitride bimaterials, methods of making these bimaterials, and electric propulsion devices or thrusters with these bimaterials. Aspects disclosed herein include electric propulsion devices comprising: at least one portion comprising or formed of a monolithic bimaterial; wherein the monolithic bimaterial comprises a graphite material and a hexagonal boron nitride material; and wherein the graphite material and hexagonal boron nitride material are monolithically integrated in the bimaterial.

A magnetic pole structure for a Hall thruster is provided. The magnetic pole structure includes: multiple wide-envelope outer magnetic pole components, a magnetic bridge, a pagoda-shaped inner magnetic pole component, a top plate, and a bottom plate, where the multiple wide-envelope outer magnetic pole components are arranged on an outer edge of the Hall thruster, symmetrical about the pagoda-shaped inner magnetic pole component, and enclose a semi-open structure; the magnetic bridge is located between each of the wide-envelope outer magnetic pole components and the pagoda-shaped inner magnetic pole component; the bottom plate is attached to a bottom part of each of the wide-envelope outer magnetic pole components and a bottom part of the pagoda-shaped inner magnetic pole component; and the top plate is attached to an upper part of each of the wide-envelope outer magnetic pole components.

A method of operating a spacecraft propulsion system comprises injecting electrons into the plasma surrounding the spacecraft prior to creating the stream of ions, and after commencing creation of the ion stream, continuing the injection of electrons in an amount sufficient to maintain the spacecraft at a positive potential. This method may be implemented in a single thruster. In spacecraft with multiple thrusters the same method may be implemented in each thruster.

Where the propulsion system comprises a plurality of thrusters, the method may comprise: operating at least one of the thrusters as a drive thruster, and operating at least one of the thrusters as an auxiliary or reserve thruster. The electron source of the at least one auxiliary thruster may be operated before creation of the ion stream to inject the electrons into the plasma surrounding the spacecraft.

An electrically powered propulsion system for a spacecraft includes a first center of gravity at a first time of operation and a second center of gravity at a second time of operation, where the second center of gravity is different from the first center of gravity. The electrically powered propulsion system includes a thruster realignment mechanism and at least two thrusters coupled to the thruster realignment mechanism. Each of the at least two thrusters has an individual thrust vector. The thruster realignment mechanism is adapted such that, in a first position, the individual thrust vectors of the at least two thrusters pass through the first center of gravity and that, in a second position, the individual thrust vectors of the at least two thrusters pass through the second center of gravity. The thruster realignment mechanism holds the first position in the event all of the at least two thrusters are without any failure. In addition, the thruster realignment mechanism realigns the thrusters to the second position in the event of at least one of (i) a failure of one of the at least two thrusters, and (ii) a predetermined time criterion is fulfilled.

An electrodeless plasma thruster with closed-ring-shaped gas discharge chamber (1, 10) can include a gas discharge chamber (1, 10) closed-ring-shaped in fluid communication with a propellant storage system (10, 70). An antenna (3, 30) can be positioned on the exterior of the gas discharge tube (1, 10). A guide tube (2, 20) can be coupled with the gas discharge chamber (1, 10) at a first end and have a second open end. A magnetic system (7, 50) can be positioned on the second end of the guide tube (2, 20). The magnetic system (7, 50) can be electrically coupled with a power supply. The power supply can be electrically coupled with a power converter (11, 80) and a control module.

An arcjet thruster system for a spacecraft is provided. The arcjet thruster system may include a power supply that includes a radio-frequency start power supply and a continuous direct-current power supply, each selectively coupled to electrodes of an arcjet for initiation and maintenance of an arc between the electrodes. A radio-frequency/direct-current control module may be provided for selectively coupling the radio-frequency start power supply and a continuous direct-current power supply. The radio-frequency start power supply may be used to initiate an arc that is then sustained by the continuous direct-current power supply.

A plasma engine includes a plasma source having a gas input for receiving a first molecular gas species and that generates ions at an output from the received first molecular gas species. An ion extractor positioned proximate to the output of the plasma source extracts ions from the plasma source with an electric field. A housing includes a region that receives ions extracted from the ion extractor, wherein at least some of the extracted ions react with a second molecular gas species present in the housing to generate thrust.