The sliding member includes an aluminum alloy layer containing 7.0% by mass or more and 13.0% by mass or less of Sn, 6.5% by mass or more and 12.0% by mass or less of Si, 0.5% by mass or more and 3.0% by mass or less of Cu, unavoidable impurities, and a balance Al. Si particles are dispersed in the aluminum alloy layer. A Vickers hardness of a matrix of the aluminum alloy layer is 40 HV or more and 60 HV or less. A load resistance value, which is a product of a volume concentration and average area of the Si particles and the Vickers hardness of the matrix, is 0.00001 N or more and 0.00029 N or less.

A method of manufacturing a crankshaft includes the steps of: (1) forming a crankshaft blank via a first half and a second half; (2) measuring a plurality of surface variations between a predetermined surface in a first region and a corresponding predetermined surface in a second region of the crankshaft blank; (3) calculating centering offset data based on the plurality of surface variations; (4) machining a pair center holes based on the centering offset data; (5) machining a counterweight and a journal relative to the pair of center holes to produce a partially machined crankshaft; (5) milling and grinding the partially machined crankshaft to produce a finished machined crankshaft; and (6) rotating the finished machined crankshaft typically on the outermost main journals in a final balancing machine and then modifying the counterweights to eliminate undesirable vibration generated during the rotation and engine operation.

An integrated module for a vehicle suspension includes a bearing outer ring and a suspension upright or knuckle, the outer ring being formed of a first high-strength material, and at least part of the suspension upright or knuckle being made from a second, metallic material, the second material being lighter than the first material. The upright or knuckle is co-moulded radially onto the outside of the bearing and is directly fixed to the bearing ring by means of an interface for form coupling. Opposite axial ends of the bearing outer ring are configured to receive closing and sealing devices for protecting one or more races of the bearing outer ring during co-moulding and for removing heat from the races during co-moulding.

A manufacturing method of a slinger, includes steps of: molding an annular blank material from a dull-finished steel sheet material through sheet metal press working or the like; and burring the blank material to mold a slinger. The values of the arithmetical mean roughness Ra of faces, of a burring mold, which individually come into contact with first and second slide-contact surfaces of the slinger, are set to 0.03 mRa0.07 m. A ratio of pressure application force for holding the blank material between the faces to the 0.2% proof stress of the dull-finished material, is set to 1.0 or more and 1.53 or less. A clearance for the burring mold is set to T(0.9 to 0.7) where T represents the sheet thickness of the blank material.

A bearing unit structure includes a bearing and a bearing holding unit. The bearing rotatably supports a drive shaft. The bearing holding unit is provided to a crankcase so as to hold the bearing. A groove portion is formed on an inner peripheral surface of the bearing holding unit, and the inner peripheral surface faces the bearing. A thermal expansion correction band made of a resin is integrally formed with the bearing holding unit in a state of being embedded into the groove portion.

This exhaust cam shaft (2) is provided with a shaft part (5) and cam parts (6 to 13) provided on the outer circumference of the shaft part (5). The shaft part (5) has holes (16, 17, 19) opened at predetermined positions on the outer circumferential surface of the shaft part (5). The holes (16, 17, 19) are formed so as to be gradually tapered from an outside of the shaft part (5) toward a center of the shaft part (5) in a radial direction.

Provided is a method for manufacturing a stainless steel ball stud for an automotive suspension system, which includes: a forging and molding step of forging and molding a cylindrical shaped stainless material blank with the same top and bottom diameters by using a progressive press machine to operate a number of mold dies simultaneously and to move a forged mold product of a preceding die to a succeeding die, to make a forged mold product; a male thread shaping step of shaping a male thread on the forged mold product; and a cutting and surface finishing/burnishing step of cutting the forged mold product by using one ball stud processing machine such that a head part is cut at exact dimensions, a neck part and a washer part are shaped and the surface finishing/burnishing work to the head part is performed to complete the stainless steel ball stud for an automotive suspension system.

A method of manufacturing a crankshaft includes the steps of: (1) forming a crankshaft blank via a first half and a second half; (2) measuring a plurality of surface variations between a predetermined surface in a first region and a corresponding predetermined surface in a second region of the crankshaft blank; (3) calculating centering offset data based on the plurality of surface variations; (4) machining a pair center holes based on the centering offset data; (5) machining a counterweight and a journal relative to the pair of center holes to produce a partially machined crankshaft; (5) milling and grinding the partially machined crankshaft to produce a finished machined crankshaft; and (6) rotating the finished machined crankshaft typically on the outermost main journals in a final balancing machine and then modifying the counterweights to eliminate undesirable vibration generated during the rotation and engine operation.

A crankshaft (4) with a first central axis (A), has at least two main bearing journals (12), through which the first central axis (A) extends. At least one crankshaft web (10) is arranged between the main bearing journals (12), wherein the at least one crankshaft web (10) comprises two crank discs (14) connected with each other via a crankpin (16) with a second central axis (B). At least one crank disc (14) has a recess (26) with a planar bottom surface (28), wherein the recess (26) is adapted in the at least one crank disc (14) in such a way that the second central axis (B) of the crankpin (16) cuts the planar bottom surface (28). That planar bottom surface (28) is oriented at a right angle in relation to the direction of the second central axis (B) of the crankpin (16). A bore (30) with a third central axis (C) extend through the planar bottom surface (28) of the recess (26), through the at least one crank disc (14), and into the at least one crankpin (16). Also, a combustion engine (2), a vehicle (1) and a method for manufacture of a crankshaft (4) are disclosed.

A steel alloy and automotive components, such as crankshafts, produced therefrom are provided. The steel alloy includes iron, about 0.34 to about 0.40 weight percent carbon, about 0.8 to about 1.2 weight percent manganese, about 0.40 to about 0.60 weight percent silicon, about 0.04 to about 0.07 weight percent sulfur, about 0.9 to about 1.2 weight percent chromium, about 0.20 to about 0.35 weight percent molybdenum, about 0.08 to about 0.15 weight percent vanadium, and about 0.02 to about 0.06 weight percent aluminum. The steel alloy may also include up to 0.03 weight percent phosphorus, up to 0.25 weight percent nickel, up to 0.20 weight percent copper, up to 0.03 weight percent titanium, up to 0.03 weight percent nitrogen, and up to 0.002 weight percent boron.