Apparatus and methods are described for use with a portion of plant material that includes at least one active ingredient. A vaporizing unit includes a heating element configured to heat the plant material, and a sensor configured to detect an indication of airflow rate through the vaporizing unit. Control circuitry is configured to receive an indication of the airflow rate through the vaporizing unit, and, in response thereto, to determine a smoking profile that is desired by the user. The control circuitry drives the heating element to vaporize the active ingredient of the plant material by heating the plant material according to the determined smoking profile. The control circuitry dynamically updates the smoking profile in response to changes in airflow rate over the course of a smoking session. Other applications are also described.

The invention provides compositions or pharmaceutical compositions of novel high penetration compositions (HPC) of a parent compound, which are capable of crossing biological barriers with high penetration efficiency. The HPCs are capable of being converted to parent drugs or parent drug-related compounds such as metabolites after crossing one or more biological barriers and thus can render treatments for the conditions that the parent drugs or parent drug-related compounds can. Additionally, the HPCs are capable of reaching areas that their parent drugs or parent drug-related compounds may not be able to access or to render a sufficient concentration at the target areas and therefore render novel treatments. For example, HPCs of NSAIA have demonstrated indications such as treating hair loss and bold. A HPC can be administered to a subject through various administration routes, e.g., locally delivered to an action site of a condition with a high concentration or systematically administered to a biological subject and enter the general circulation with a faster rate.

The present invention concerns ophthalmic compositions comprising a combination of hyaluronic acid (HA) as a vehicle, and one or more prostaglandin analogues, such as latanoprost, as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), wherein the HA acts as a transporting vehicle (transporter) of the prostaglandin analogue into the eye. The invention also includes methods for the use of such ophthalmic compositions for reduction of intraocular pressure to treat, prevent, and/or delay the onset or recurrence of ocular hypertension and glaucoma. The ophthalmic compositions of the invention have improved stability, improved API solubility, and improved efficacy in reducing intraocular pressure.

The present invention concerns ophthalmic compositions comprising a combination of hyaluronic acid (HA) as a vehicle, and one or more prostaglandin analogues, such as latanoprost, as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), wherein the HA acts as a transporting vehicle (transporter) of the prostaglandin analogue into the eye. The invention also includes methods for the use of such ophthalmic compositions for reduction of intraocular pressure to treat, prevent, and/or delay the onset or recurrence of ocular hypertension and glaucoma. The ophthalmic compositions of the invention have improved stability, improved API solubility, and improved efficacy in reducing intraocular pressure.

Provided herein are heterobicyclic cyclopropanecarboxamide and heterobicyclic carboxamide compounds. In particular, provided herein are compounds that affect the function of kinases in a cell, and that are useful as therapeutic agents or with therapeutic agents. The compounds provided herein are useful in the treatment of a variety of diseases and conditions including eye diseases such as glaucoma, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, and diseases characterized by abnormal growth, such as cancers. Also provided herein are compositions comprising heterobicyclic cyclopropanecarboxamide or heterobicyclic carboxamide compounds.

The present invention relates to novel antibodies and fragments thereof that binds cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor. The antibodies and fragments thereof as disclosed herein include humanized antibodies that bind CB1 receptor. The invention also includes uses of the antibodies for treating a disease or disorder responsive to antagonism or agonism of the CB1 receptor.

The present invention relates to pre-formulations comprising low viscosity, non-liquid crystalline, mixtures of: a) at least one neutral diacyl lipid and/or at least one tocopherol; b) at least one phospholipid; c) at least one biocompatible, oxygen containing, low viscosity organic solvent;
wherein at least one bioactive agent is dissolved or dispersed in the low viscosity mixture and wherein the pre-formulation forms, or is capable of forming, at least one liquid crystalline phase structure upon contact with an aqueous fluid. The preformulations are suitable for generating parenteral, non-parenteral and topical depot compositions for sustained release of active agents. The invention additionally relates to a method of delivery of an active agent comprising administration of a preformulation of the invention, a method of treatment comprising administration of a preformulation of the invention and the use of a preformulation of the invention in a method for the manufacture of a medicament.

Disclosed are a series of isoquinolone derivatives as ROCK protein kinase inhibitors and uses thereof in preparing medicaments for ROCK protein kinase inhibitor-related glaucoma or ocular hypertension diseases. Specially, disclosed are a compound of formula (I), an isomer thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

##STR00001##

Disclosed are a series of isoquinolone derivatives as ROCK protein kinase inhibitors and uses thereof in preparing medicaments for ROCK protein kinase inhibitor-related glaucoma or ocular hypertension diseases. Specially, disclosed are a compound of formula (I), an isomer thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

##STR00001##

A compound having Nrf2-activating action is provided. The compound is represented by formula (I), a salt of the compound, or a solvate of the compound or salt:

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1a and R.sup.1b are identical or different and represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or a halogen atom; R.sup.2 represents an optionally substituted group derived from a heterocycle, and the heterocycle represents thiophene, furan, pyrrole, thiazole, or a fused ring including any of these heterocycles; R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are identical or different and represent a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl group, or R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 bind with each other to form —NH—CH—N—; R.sup.6 represents an optionally substituted alkyl group; A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3, and A.sup.4 are identical or different and represent CH or N wherein the number of N is 1 or less; and Z represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom.