A piezoelectric substrate attachment structure including a press section pressed by contact, a piezoelectric substrate provided adjacent to the press section, and a base section provided adjacent to the piezoelectric substrate on an opposite side from the press section. The following relationship Equation (a) is satisfied:
da/E′a<db/E′b  (a) wherein da is a thickness of the press section in a direction of adjacency to the piezoelectric substrate, E′a is a storage modulus of the press section from dynamic viscoelastic analysis, db is a thickness of the base section in the adjacency direction, and E′b is a storage modulus of the base section from dynamic viscoelastic analysis.

A shock absorber includes i) a hollow base defining an axial direction and having a first mounting portion, ii) an outer axial tube, having first and second longitudinal ends, and being coaxially mounted into the hollow base via its first longitudinal end so as to allow adjusting a distance of the second longitudinal end relative to the base; and iii) an inner axial tube slidably mounted into the outer axial tube therein; the inner axial tube having a second mounting portion. The hollow tube has an opening therein that defines a window to allow visualizing a part of the outer axial tube therethrough which includes the first longitudinal end thereof.

A gas cylinder actuator with overtravel indicator device, which comprises: a tubular containment jacket, an end face, an opposite annular guiding portion for a stem-piston, which protrudes from the jacket in an axial direction, a stem-piston arranged so as to pass through the annular portion, a chamber for pressurized gas being defined between the tubular jacket, the end face, the annular passage portion for a stem-piston and the stem-piston, a device for indicating that overtravel for the stem-piston has occurred; and an annular body, which is inserted partially into a corresponding seat between the jacket and the annular portion so as to surround the outer lateral surface of an end portion of the annular portion; the annular body rests in an axial direction on an element that protrudes radially within the jacket and is integral with the jacket.

The present subject matter relates to devices, systems, and methods for indicating degradation in a component having None or more elastomeric elements. For example, a degradation indicator can include an indicator element in communication with at least a portion of the one or more elastomeric elements, wherein the indicator element is configured to show visible degradation or damage when a specific and predetermined condition of the one or more elastomeric elements is reached.

A tail skid shock absorber including an outer shock absorber canister, a crushable indicator cartridge disposed within the outer shock absorber canister, and an indicator rod coupled to the crushable indicator cartridge so as to move with a portion of the crushable indicator cartridge as a unit.

A damper assembly has a longitudinal axis and includes a damper housing with a side wall portion and an end wall portion defining a damping chamber containing a quantity of damping fluid. A photon source and a photon receptor are operatively disposed in optical communication with the non-gaseous damping fluid in the damping chamber. The photon source is operable to direct a photon through the non-gaseous damping fluid toward an associated target surface. The photon receptor is operable to receive the photon reflected off the associated target surface through the non-gaseous damping fluid. A sensor suitable for such use as well as spring and damper assemblies and suspension systems are also included.

A damper includes an upper connector configured to be connected to a cable. The damper also includes a lower connector configured to be connected to a load. The damper also includes a body extending between and connecting together the upper and lower connectors. The body includes a first portion and a second portion. The first portion is configured to experience greater plastic strain than the second portion.

A method for monitoring a dual-stage, separated gas/fluid shock strut includes receiving, by a controller, primary chamber temperature and pressure sensor readings, secondary chamber pressure and temperature sensor readings, and a shock strut stroke sensor reading, determining, by the controller, a shock strut stroke at which a secondary chamber is activated, calculating, by the controller, a volume of oil in an oil chamber of the shock strut, a primary chamber gas volume of, a number of moles of gas in, and a volume of oil leaked into, a primary gas chamber of the shock strut, a secondary chamber gas volume in, a volume of oil leaked into, and a number of moles of gas in, the secondary chamber, based upon at least one of the secondary chamber pressure sensor reading, and the secondary chamber temperature sensor reading.

A method for monitoring a dual-stage, separated gas/fluid shock strut includes receiving, by a controller, a primary chamber temperature sensor reading, a primary chamber pressure sensor reading, and a shock strut stroke sensor reading, calculating, by the controller, a secondary chamber nominal pressure based upon the primary chamber temperature sensor reading, determining, by the controller, a shock strut stroke associated with the secondary chamber nominal pressure, calculating, by the controller, a volume of oil in an oil chamber, a volume of gas in a primary gas chamber, a number of moles of gas in the primary gas chamber, a volume of oil leaked into the primary gas chamber, a volume of gas in a secondary chamber, and a number of moles of gas in the secondary chamber.

An embodiment of the present application discloses an anti-fall device including a trigger mechanism, a deformable structure and a shell. The deformable structure is connected with the trigger mechanism and is set to be compressed and elastically deformed when located in the shell. The trigger mechanism is set in the shell and is configured to drive the deformable structure to move in a direction away from the trigger mechanism, so that the deformable structure pops out of the shell and recovers to a natural state from a compressed state.