A cylinder head includes a plurality of exhaust ports provided corresponding to a plurality of cylinders, and configured to converge outlets of the exhaust ports inside the cylinder head, at least one of the exhaust ports not being provided with a water jacket there above, and a pair of oil passages arranged so as to sandwich the at least one of the exhaust ports above which the water jacket is not provided. An inclined surface provided on an upper surface of the cylinder head and positioned between the pair of oil passages, the inclined surface being inclined from one oil passage, of the pair of oil passages, toward the other oil passage.

A gas cylinder actuator with overtravel safety device, comprising a tubular jacket for gas containment, which is closed hermetically at one end by a bottom provided with a gas filling valve and at the opposite end by a head portion, which is provided with a hole for the passage of a stem with a piston, the jacket, the bottom and the piston forming the gas expansion and compression chamber. The head portion comprises an annular body, which is fixed internally to the jacket, and is provided with a central hole for the passage of the stem with the interposition of dynamic sealing elements, static sealing elements being interposed between the annular body and the jacket and an element for controlling the descending motion of a slider of a press with which the actuator is associated being provided and protruding from the annular body or from the jacket, the control element being preset to selectively move or break or deform in order to break or deform or render ineffective in general the static and dynamic sealing elements.

A gas cylinder actuator with overtravel safety device, comprising a tubular jacket for gas containment, which is closed hermetically at one end by a bottom provided with a gas filling valve and at the opposite end by a head portion, which is provided with a hole for the passage of a stem with a piston, the jacket, the bottom and the piston forming the gas expansion and compression chamber. The head portion comprises an annular body, which is fixed internally to the jacket, and is provided with a central hole for the passage of the stem with the interposition of dynamic sealing elements, static sealing elements being interposed between the annular body and the jacket and an element for controlling the descending motion of a slider of a press with which the actuator is associated being provided and protruding from the annular body or from the jacket, the control element being preset to selectively move or break or deform in order to break or deform or render ineffective in general the static and dynamic sealing elements.

There is provided a cylinder device having optimal arrangement of fine textures and optimal surface roughness capable of reducing wear of a cylinder bore side and a piston ring by processing fine textures in an optimal selection region of the cylinder bore side to improve lubrication characteristics between the piston ring and the cylinder bore side while reducing engine oil consumption by processing surface roughness of the cylinder bore side to an optimal status.

There is provided a cylinder device having optimal arrangement of fine textures and optimal surface roughness capable of reducing wear of a cylinder bore side and a piston ring by processing fine textures in an optimal selection region of the cylinder bore side to improve lubrication characteristics between the piston ring and the cylinder bore side while reducing engine oil consumption by processing surface roughness of the cylinder bore side to an optimal status.

The invention relates to a reciprocating piston machine, in particular with a variable compression ratio, of at least one cylinder with a piston and a connecting rod which is connected to the piston and to a crankshaft of the reciprocating piston machine. The reciprocating piston machine also has a first sensor which is arranged in a cylinder wall of the at least one cylinder and is configured to detect relative movement between a piston skirt of the piston and the cylinder wall. The invention further relates to a method (100) for diagnosing and/or controlling such a reciprocating piston machine (1), in particular with a variable compression ratio, and a system which is suitable therefor.

The invention relates to a reciprocating piston machine, in particular with a variable compression ratio, of at least one cylinder with a piston and a connecting rod which is connected to the piston and to a crankshaft of the reciprocating piston machine. The reciprocating piston machine also has a first sensor which is arranged in a cylinder wall of the at least one cylinder and is configured to detect relative movement between a piston skirt of the piston and the cylinder wall. The invention further relates to a method (100) for diagnosing and/or controlling such a reciprocating piston machine (1), in particular with a variable compression ratio, and a system which is suitable therefor.

A hydraulic device comprises a base member, a piston, a seal ring, and an intermediate member. The base member includes a cylinder bore and an annular groove. The annular groove includes a first inner surface and a second inner surface. The piston is movable relative to the base member from a rest position toward an actuated position in a second direction opposite to a first direction. The piston is movable relative to the base member from the actuated position toward the rest position in the first direction. The seal ring includes a first axial surface facing in the first direction and a second axial surface facing in the second direction. The seal ring is provided in the annular groove so as to define a clearance between the first axial surface and the first inner surface. The intermediate member is provided in the clearance.

A hydraulic device comprises a base member, a piston, a seal ring, and an intermediate member. The base member includes a cylinder bore and an annular groove. The annular groove includes a first inner surface and a second inner surface. The piston is movable relative to the base member from a rest position toward an actuated position in a second direction opposite to a first direction. The piston is movable relative to the base member from the actuated position toward the rest position in the first direction. The seal ring includes a first axial surface facing in the first direction and a second axial surface facing in the second direction. The seal ring is provided in the annular groove so as to define a clearance between the first axial surface and the first inner surface. The intermediate member is provided in the clearance.

An apparatus for processing a substrate is disclosed and includes, in one embodiment, a twin chamber housing having two openings formed therethrough, a first pump interface member coaxially aligned with one of the two openings formed in the twin chamber housing, and a second pump interface member coaxially aligned with another of the two openings formed in the twin chamber housing, wherein each of the pump interface members include three channels that are concentric with a centerline of the two openings.