A firefighting system can include an aqueous solution, including an ionic liquid surfactant, and an application mechanism configured to disperse the solution toward a fire.

In some embodiments, a firefighting solution can include: water; a firefighting foam stabilizer the can include an ionic liquid surfactant and a nanoparticle encapsulating a second ionic liquid surfactant. In some embodiments, a firefighting solution can include water, an ionic liquid surfactant, and a firefighting foam stabilizer comprising a metallosurfactant.

A fire-retardant material comprises a plurality of particles, each having an SAP core surrounded by a fibrous layer to which an outer attachment layer is anchored. When applied to vegetation from an aircraft or ground vehicle, the attachment layer maintains the particle in contact with the vegetation. Concurrent or subsequent application of water hydrates the SAP, which is held proximate the vegetation and retards the fire. The SAP, fibrous layer, and/or attachment layer can be biodegradable. The fibrous layer can comprise coir. The attachment layer can comprise one or more naturally occurring plant materials, such as seed pods having an adhesive attachment feature and/or mechanical attachment features such as spikes or hooks. The disclosed fire-retardant material can be applied to mitigate an active, uncontrolled fire, or to vegetation on either side of a central region to contain an intentional fire within the central region, and thereby create a firebreak.

The present application provides a forest fire extinguishing agent and a preparation method therefor. The method comprises the following steps: mixing a first flame retardant and a coupling agent uniformly to obtain a first material; stirring a hydrophobic polymer monomer or a hydrophobic polymer monomer and an initiator into the first material to obtain a second material; stirring a surfactant into the second material to obtain a mixture before heating the mixture to obtain a third material; obtaining a fourth material by adding a solution comprising a hydrophilic polymer and water to the third material, applying a homogenization treatment to the third material with the solution added, heating and stirring the third material with the solution added, and letting the third material and the solution react under a constant temperature; and stirring a flame retardant additive and water to the fourth material to obtain the forest fire extinguishing agent.

A secondary battery including an electrode assembly, a case in which the electrode assembly is accommodated, a cap assembly covering an opening of the case, and a fire-extinguishing member accommodated inside the case, the fire-extinguishing member in contact with the cap assembly.

The present disclosure relates to a secondary battery including a fire extinguishing agent structure. The fire extinguishing agent structure includes a disk-shaped member and a stick-shaped member connected to and extending perpendicular to the disk-shaped member. The stick-shaped member and the disk-shaped member include a fire extinguishing agent that causes an endothermic reaction at a temperature of 100 C or higher.