The present disclosure relates to use of rhamnolipid coated nanoparticles of zero valent iron (NZVI), either in its bare form or functionalized with other materials (M) such as trace amounts of a palladium catalyst, for transforming chlorinated solvent pollutants by targeting the non-aqueous phase, which contains said chlorinated solvent pollutants. The method may be useful as water treatment technology for restoration of groundwater resources contaminated with toxic, chlorinated solvent pollutants as well as in the treatment of industrial waste of chlorinated solvents in reactor systems.

An immobilized enzyme electrode includes: an electrode; a redox enzyme that oxidizes or reduces a target molecule; and an electron carrier that performs electron transport between the electrode and the redox enzyme. The electron carrier is immobilized on the electrode via a first linker that is in a form of a chain, and the redox enzyme is immobilized on the electrode via a second linker that is longer than the first linker, the second linker being in a form of a chain.

An immobilized enzyme electrode includes: an electrode; a redox enzyme that oxidizes or reduces a target molecule; and an electron carrier that performs electron transport between the electrode and the redox enzyme. The electron carrier is immobilized on the electrode via a first linker that is in a form of a chain, and the redox enzyme is immobilized on the electrode via a second linker that is longer than the first linker, the second linker being in a form of a chain.

The present application relates to a novel method for reductive degradation of perfluoroalkyl-containing compounds, such as perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, by activated carbon (AC) supported zero valent iron-nickel nanoparticles (nNi.sup.0Fe.sup.0).

The present application relates to a novel method for reductive degradation of perfluoroalkyl-containing compounds, such as perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, by activated carbon (AC) supported zero valent iron-nickel nanoparticles (nNi.sup.0Fe.sup.0).

Provided is a hexavalent chromium treatment agent capable of penetrating inside of a leather and capable of reducing not only hexavalent chromium present in the vicinity of the surface of the leather but also hexavalent chromium present inside the leather into trivalent chromium. The hexavalent chromium treatment agent of the present invention comprises a hexavalent chromium-reducing compound capable of reducing hexavalent chromium into trivalent chromium, a nonionic surfactant, and an aqueous solvent. The hexavalent chromium-reducing compound preferably comprises an organic compound (A) that has a specific structure capable of acting to reduce hexavalent chromium into trivalent chromium, that has a hydroxyphenyl group, and that has no aldehyde groups and no carboxyl groups.

Provided is a hexavalent chromium treatment agent capable of penetrating inside of a leather and capable of reducing not only hexavalent chromium present in the vicinity of the surface of the leather but also hexavalent chromium present inside the leather into trivalent chromium. The hexavalent chromium treatment agent of the present invention comprises a hexavalent chromium-reducing compound capable of reducing hexavalent chromium into trivalent chromium, a nonionic surfactant, and an aqueous solvent. The hexavalent chromium-reducing compound preferably comprises an organic compound (A) that has a specific structure capable of acting to reduce hexavalent chromium into trivalent chromium, that has a hydroxyphenyl group, and that has no aldehyde groups and no carboxyl groups.

Processing solid waste containing fluorine compounds, and applications thereof. Solid waste processing method includes: providing and mixing (i) solid waste containing fluorine compounds and (ii) solid calcium hydroxide, for forming a mixture thereof; heating the mixture in chemical reducing (non-oxidizing) environment, thereby forming a heated product including solid calcium fluoride; and handling or/and processing the heated product, to form non-hazardous safely disposable material. Solid waste processing system includes: solid waste input unit; solid calcium hydroxide supply unit; mixing unit; heating unit; and product handling/product processing unit. Applicable to large scale commercial processes of, or involving, manufacturing materials and products containing fluorine compounds during which are generated large amounts of solid waste containing fluorine compounds, whereby such solid waste needs to be handled or/and processed, and disposed of.

Processing solid waste containing fluorine compounds, and applications thereof. Solid waste processing method includes: providing and mixing (i) solid waste containing fluorine compounds and (ii) solid calcium hydroxide, for forming a mixture thereof; heating the mixture in chemical reducing (non-oxidizing) environment, thereby forming a heated product including solid calcium fluoride; and handling or/and processing the heated product, to form non-hazardous safely disposable material. Solid waste processing system includes: solid waste input unit; solid calcium hydroxide supply unit; mixing unit; heating unit; and product handling/product processing unit. Applicable to large scale commercial processes of, or involving, manufacturing materials and products containing fluorine compounds during which are generated large amounts of solid waste containing fluorine compounds, whereby such solid waste needs to be handled or/and processed, and disposed of.

The invention relates to a method for treating emergency spill or leak of halogen which is bromine or chlorine, comprising contacting an aqueous solution of quaternary ammonium halide with the halogen.