The invention relates to a method for treating emergency spill or leak of halogen which is bromine or chlorine, comprising contacting an aqueous solution of quaternary ammonium halide with the halogen.

The present disclosure relates to a degradation method of a perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS). The degradation method includes the following steps: polymerizing indole to synthesize pind; and mixing synthesized pind with the PFAS to form a mixed solution, and illuminating the formed mixed solution to allow pind to generate hydrated electrons (e.sub.aq.sup.?) for degrading the PFAS. In the degradation method of the present disclosure, indole with a high yield of hydrated electrons is polymerized to generate pind, and pind is used as a precursor for the generation of the hydrated electrons to increase the stability of a molecular structure of pind through a highly conjugated structure formed after polymerization, thereby achieving the purpose of continuously generating the hydrated electrons under ultraviolet irradiation and effectively degrading PFASs, which is of great significance for addressing the environmental pollution problem of PFASs.

The present disclosure relates to a degradation method of a perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS). The degradation method includes the following steps: polymerizing indole to synthesize pind; and mixing synthesized pind with the PFAS to form a mixed solution, and illuminating the formed mixed solution to allow pind to generate hydrated electrons (e.sub.aq.sup.?) for degrading the PFAS. In the degradation method of the present disclosure, indole with a high yield of hydrated electrons is polymerized to generate pind, and pind is used as a precursor for the generation of the hydrated electrons to increase the stability of a molecular structure of pind through a highly conjugated structure formed after polymerization, thereby achieving the purpose of continuously generating the hydrated electrons under ultraviolet irradiation and effectively degrading PFASs, which is of great significance for addressing the environmental pollution problem of PFASs.

A method of treating, stabilizing, precipitating, or otherwise removing heavy metal ions contained in a contaminated media, which method includes: providing a sodium-iron-sulfide mineral or crystalline phase, either alone or in combination with a pH adjusting substance; contacting said contaminated media containing heavy metal ions with the sodium-iron-sulfide mineral or crystalline phase, either alone or in combination with a pH adjusting substance; and allowing the contaminated media containing the heavy metal ions to react with said sodium-iron-sulfide mineral or crystalline phase, either alone or in combination with a pH adjusting substance, such that the contaminated media containing heavy metal ions form single or mixed metal-sulfide precipitates or co-precipitates.

A method of treating, stabilizing, precipitating, or otherwise removing heavy metal ions contained in a contaminated media, which method includes: providing a sodium-iron-sulfide mineral or crystalline phase, either alone or in combination with a pH adjusting substance; contacting said contaminated media containing heavy metal ions with the sodium-iron-sulfide mineral or crystalline phase, either alone or in combination with a pH adjusting substance; and allowing the contaminated media containing the heavy metal ions to react with said sodium-iron-sulfide mineral or crystalline phase, either alone or in combination with a pH adjusting substance, such that the contaminated media containing heavy metal ions form single or mixed metal-sulfide precipitates or co-precipitates.

The present invention relates to a process for decontaminating surfaces contaminated with one or more toxic agents. The processes include contacting a contaminated surface with a porous metal hydroxide which rapidly absorbs the toxic agent from the surface, then decontaminates the agent via reactions involving surface functional groups.

A bimetal oxysulfide solid-solution catalyst is provided. The bimetal oxysulfide solid-solution catalyst is represented by formula (1):
M.sup.(1).sub.xM.sup.(2).sub.yO.sub.zS.sub.(1), wherein in formula (1), M.sup.(1) includes Copper (Cu) and M.sup.(2) includes monovalent Silver (Ag), divalent Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), and Tin (Sn.sup.II), trivalent Indium (In), Cerium (Ce), Antimony (Sb), and Gallium (Ga), tetravalent Tin (Sn.sup.IV), or pentavalent Molybdenum (Mo), 0<y<0.3, 0.7<x<1.0, 0<z<0.5, and 0.5<<1.0. In addition, a manufacturing method of the bimetal oxysulfide solid-solution catalyst and applications of the bimetal oxysulfide solid-solution catalyst are also provided.

Methods of and systems for remediating hydrazine spills, solutions, and hydrazine-contaminated objects including areas thereof comprise reacting 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine with -ketoacids and adding a reducing agent to the reaction of 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine with said -ketoacids.

Methods of and systems for remediating hydrazine spills, solutions, and hydrazine-contaminated objects including areas thereof comprise reacting 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine with -ketoacids and adding a reducing agent to the reaction of 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine with said -ketoacids.

A method of deactivating an explosive composition provided in an explosive cartridge, which method comprises exposing the explosive composition to a deactivating agent that renders the explosive composition insensitive to detonation, wherein the deactivating agent is a chemical.