The present invention relates to a technique for treating a raw material, such as combustible waste, and more particularly to combustion, and pyrolysis and gasification treatment techniques that does not emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. A treatment apparatus includes a fluidized-bed furnace having a pyrolysis chamber and a combustion chamber therein, the pyrolysis chamber and the combustion chamber are separated by a partition wall, an electrolysis device configured to electrolyze water to generate hydrogen and oxygen, a methanation reactor configured to produce methane from carbon dioxide discharged from the combustion chamber and the hydrogen, a first fluidizing-gas supply line configured to supply a first fluidizing gas to the pyrolysis chamber, and a second fluidizing-gas supply line configured to introduce a second fluidizing gas to the combustion chamber, the second fluidizing gas including the oxygen and a part of the carbon dioxide.

A grid-energy firming process and a grid energy firming system. The process comprises alternating between a process for generating electrical energy, and a process for generating gaseous fuels in response to the energy demands of a grid energy system. The system comprises a reactor containing a carbonaceous fuel, and a heat exchanger to extract heat from the flue gas and/or gaseous fuel.

Energy is generated from cellulosic biofuel waste streams, specifically a lignin filter cake and a waste syrup, by combusting these waste products in a fluidized bed combustor under specified conditions. The heat and steam generated can be used to generate electricity and/or in cellulosic biofuel production processes.

Energy is generated from cellulosic biofuel waste streams, specifically a lignin filter cake and a waste syrup, by combusting these waste products in a fluidized bed combustor under specified conditions. The heat and steam generated can be used to generate electricity and/or in cellulosic biofuel production processes.

Material handling systems for fluids are disclosed herein. The fluid may be a liquid, solution, slurry, or emulsion. The systems receive as inputs the fluid, steam, and water. These feed into a surge tank where additives can be introduced. The steam and water are used to control some physical properties and enable the distribution of the fluid as desired. In particular embodiments, the system is useful for handling materials to be sent to a dual-phase fuel feeder for combustion in a fluidized-bed boiler, the energy being used to generate electricity or in various production processes.

A reactor system and control method. The method includes feeding solid fuel and oxygen containing gas to a first fluidized bed reactor to form a fluidized bed of particles and combusting a first portion of the fuel in the bed with the oxygen containing gas to generate hot bed particles and a first stream of hot flue gas, conveying the first stream to the flue gas channel, transferring hot bed particles including a second portion of the solid fuel at a predetermined hot particles transfer rate from the first reactor to a second fluidized bed reactor, feeding fluidizing gas to the second reactor to form a second fluidized bed, and transferring bed particles from the second reactor to the first. The method includes first and second operation modes. In the first, the fluidizing gas is oxygen containing gas and, in the second, the gas includes steam, CO.sub.2, or inert gas.

The invention relates to a staggered firing for combustion of wet charge materials, consisting of the following steps: pre-combustion designed as a fluidized bed firing, heat transition in a heat exchanger, dust precipitation, and post-combustion. The staggered firing is characterized in that during the heat transition in the heat exchanger, exhaust gases from the pre-combustion are cooled and combustion air for pre-combustion is heated and then supplied to the pre-combustion.

The invention relates to a staggered firing for combustion of wet charge materials, consisting of the following steps: pre-combustion designed as a fluidized bed firing, heat transition in a heat exchanger, dust precipitation, and post-combustion. The staggered firing is characterized in that during the heat transition in the heat exchanger, exhaust gases from the pre-combustion are cooled and combustion air for pre-combustion is heated and then supplied to the pre-combustion.

A multi-stage product gas generation system converts a carbonaceous material, such as municipal solid waste, into a product gas which may subsequently be converted into a liquid fuel or other material. One or more reactors containing bed material may be used to conduct reactions to effect the conversions. Unreacted inert feedstock contaminants present in the carbonaceous material may be separated from bed material using a portion of the product gas. A heat transfer medium collecting heat from a reaction in one stage may be applied as a reactant input in another, earlier stage.

A multi-stage product gas generation system converts a carbonaceous material, such as municipal solid waste, into a product gas which may subsequently be converted into a liquid fuel or other material. One or more reactors containing bed material may be used to conduct reactions to effect the conversions. Unreacted inert feedstock contaminants present in the carbonaceous material may be separated from bed material using a portion of the product gas. A heat transfer medium collecting heat from a reaction in one stage may be applied as a reactant input in another, earlier stage.