A carbonaceous feed pyrolysis apparatus is provided including two or more hot particle fluidised beds, one of which contains a combustion zone, and one or more positive displacement apparatus for the transfer of hot particles beds. Also provided is a bio-oil production process including two or more fluidised beds, a first combustion zone carried out in one or more combustion fluidised beds in which a particulate material is fluidised and heated, and a second pyrolysis zone carried out in one or more pyrolysis fluidised beds in which hot particles heated in the combustion zone are used for pyrolysis of bio-mass, the combustion zone being operated at or about atmospheric pressure at a temperature of from 400 C. to 1100 C., and the pyrolysis zone being operated at a pressure of from atmospheric to 100 Barg at a temperature of from 400 C. to 900 C.

A carbonaceous feed pyrolysis apparatus is provided including two or more hot particle fluidised beds, one of which contains a combustion zone, and one or more positive displacement apparatus for the transfer of hot particles beds. Also provided is a bio-oil production process including two or more fluidised beds, a first combustion zone carried out in one or more combustion fluidised beds in which a particulate material is fluidised and heated, and a second pyrolysis zone carried out in one or more pyrolysis fluidised beds in which hot particles heated in the combustion zone are used for pyrolysis of bio-mass, the combustion zone being operated at or about atmospheric pressure at a temperature of from 400 C. to 1100 C., and the pyrolysis zone being operated at a pressure of from atmospheric to 100 Barg at a temperature of from 400 C. to 900 C.

Provided are: a useful bed medium for a fluidized bed with good fluidity, the bed medium being usable in a fluidized bed furnace using biomass material and coal material as fuel; and a useful bed medium for a fluidized bed with good durability, the bed medium not easily forming an agglomerate of its particles, and being resistant to collapsing. The bed medium for a fluidized bed in a fluidized bed furnace for combusting or gasifying the fuel is formed of artificially-produced spherical refractory particles containing not less than 40% by weight of Al2O3 and not more than 60% by weight of SiO2 and having an apparent porosity of not more than 5%, and a ratio by weight of agglomerated particles in the bed medium is not more than 20% after three heat treatment tests on the bed medium at 900 C. for 2 hours under coexistence with the fuel.

Disclosed herein are a fluid sand falling type circulating fluidized bed boiler with a plurality of risers for preventing erosion and corrosion of water tubes and increasing combustion efficiency, and a method of operating the same. The fluid sand falling type circulating fluidized bed boiler with a plurality of risers includes a boiler section into which fuel and oxidizer are injected, a riser section connected to the boiler section so that the fuel and fluid sand supplied from the boiler section are introduced from the bottom of the riser section and flow up, and a relay section provided on the boiler section to supply the fluid sand having passed through the riser section to the boiler section, wherein the fuel is injected from the top of the boiler section and burned while flowing down therein.

A multi-stage product gas generation system converts a carbonaceous material, such as municipal solid waste, into a product gas which may subsequently be converted into a liquid fuel or other material. One or more reactors containing bed material may be used to conduct reactions to effect the conversions. Unreacted inert feedstock contaminants present in the carbonaceous material may be separated from bed material using a portion of the product gas. A heat transfer medium collecting heat from a reaction in one stage may be applied as a reactant input in another, earlier stage.

At least one aspect of the technology provides a self-contained processing facility configured to convert organic, high water-content waste, such as fecal sludge and garbage, into electricity while also generating and collecting potable water.

At least one aspect of the technology provides a self-contained processing facility configured to convert organic, high water-content waste, such as fecal sludge and garbage, into electricity while also generating and collecting potable water.

The invention is concerned with an integrated unit comprising a unitary boiler and gas cleaning apparatus. Preferably the integrated unit comprises a boiler unit, and gas cleaning apparatus, the integrated unit has a reaction unit and further comprises a radiant zone connected to the reaction unit, the radiant zone being connected to a convection zone. The integrated unit further comprises a heat exchange means encircling at least one of the radiant zone and the convection zone, and gas cleaning means is preferably provided around at least a part of the heat exchange means. The reaction unit may comprise a fluid bed boiler, gasifier or pyrolytic chamber and wherein fuel is burned completely; burned under pyrolytic conditions; or is gasified. The heat exchange means may comprise an annular heat exchange chamber and the gas cleaning means may be provided in an annular gas cleaning chamber encircling the heat exchange chamber.

The invention is concerned with an integrated unit comprising a unitary boiler and gas cleaning apparatus. Preferably the integrated unit comprises a boiler unit, and gas cleaning apparatus, the integrated unit has a reaction unit and further comprises a radiant zone connected to the reaction unit, the radiant zone being connected to a convection zone. The integrated unit further comprises a heat exchange means encircling at least one of the radiant zone and the convection zone, and gas cleaning means is preferably provided around at least a part of the heat exchange means. The reaction unit may comprise a fluid bed boiler, gasifier or pyrolytic chamber and wherein fuel is burned completely; burned under pyrolytic conditions; or is gasified. The heat exchange means may comprise an annular heat exchange chamber and the gas cleaning means may be provided in an annular gas cleaning chamber encircling the heat exchange chamber.

A ground supported power boiler is described combining a refractory lined and insulated conical floor; an insulated cylindrical combustion chamber; a cylindrical furnace with water tube wall; a rectangular convective section; a single vertical steam drum; tangential injection of the fuel and combustion air; means for fluidizing the fuel bed; means for selectively stripping particulates from the flue gases; multi-stage particulate stripping and filtering from flue gases, means for using the walls of steam drum as steam/water droplet separator, means for recirculating and capturing heat from the flue gases; means for pressurizing the interior of the boiler above atmospheric pressure; means for heating and drying fuel prior to feeding the fuel to the boiler; means for creating hydrogen shift reaction; means for eliminating any need for sootblowing; and designed to not require the use of an induced draft fan.