The invention provides for the integration of a gas fermentation process with a gasification process whereby effluent downstream from the gas fermentation process is recycled to the gasification process. The invention is capable of recycling one or more effluents including biogas generated from a wastewater treatment process, tail-gas generated from the fermentation process, unused syngas generated by the gasification process, microbial biomass generated from the fermentation process, microbial biomass generated from a wastewater treatment process, crude ethanol from the product recovery process, fusel oil from the product recovery process, microbial biomass depleted water, wastewater generated from the fermentation process, and clarified water from a wastewater treatment process to a gasification process.

Polygeneration plant, fueled with biomass from various sources and with rated power included between 30 kW and 200 kW, including a plurality of specialised modules, the modules being at least one first module for loading and drying the biomass; at least one second gasification module suitable for producing the syngas starting from the biomass; at least one third module for automating and controlling the polygeneration process associated to the plant. The polygeneration plant includes at least one fourth module including at least one fuel cell, the fuel cell being of the SOFC or MCFC, PEMFC, PAFC, AFC type.

The gas swirling state determination system (10) determines the quality of the swirling state of gas that swirls around the central axis. The gas swirling state determination system (10) includes an imaging device (39), an information processing device (11), and a display device (42). The imaging device (39) captures swirling gas from a direction along the central axis to acquire a still image. The information processing device (11) includes a calculation unit (40), a smoothing unit (41), and a determination unit (43). The display device (42) displays a determination result.

A thermochemical system & method may be configured to convert an organic feedstock to various products. A thermochemical system may include a solid material feed module, a reactor module, an afterburner module, and a solid product finishing module. The various operational parameters (temperature, pressure, etc.) of the various modules may vary depending on the desired products. The product streams may be gaseous, vaporous, liquid, and/or solid.

Methods and apparatuses can be configured to facilitate sorting of paper from garbage and/or single stream recycling and subsequently process that separated paper to remove the contaminants from the paper so that the paper is in an acceptable condition for recycling. In some embodiments, the apparatus and method may utilize at least one dryer device that is configured to heat the paper without combusting the paper to remove water from the paper. The dryer device can also be configured to mix the paper as it is dried while also removing particulate contaminants off of the paper to clean the thrown away paper sufficiently so that the paper is in a condition that is acceptable for recycling into a paper product (e.g. a cardboard box, paper plate, sheets of paper, etc.).

A method is provided for thermally processing waste to produce steam and generate energy while minimizing air pollutants in a staged thermal reactor. The method includes gasifying the waste to convert the waste to a fuel gas and a substantially carbon free, inert, granulated, sintered mineral ash and reforming the fuel gas auto-thermally to minimize creation of nitrogen oxide when the fuel gas is combusted. The method further includes burning the reformed fuel gas to minimize creation of nitrogen oxide in a flame region of a fuel gas burner and recirculating cooled flue gas to control oxygen content and temperature during the reforming operation and the burning operation. In one example, reforming the fuel gas converts non-molecular nitrogen species into molecular nitrogen in an auto-thermal non-catalytic reformer unit by decomposition reactions promoted by a prevailing reducing gas atmosphere.

In order to allow for thermal elongation of a liner, a pipe member, in the interior of which flows a fluid containing solids, is provided with: a tubular outer pipe; a single tubular liner provided inside the outer pipe with a gap therebetween in the radial direction, or a plurality thereof arranged serially in the direction of the pipe axis C; a refractory material filled in between the outer pipe and the liner; a first liner holding member that is provided on an end portion side of the outer pipe, and that holds the liner arranged on the end portion side in a restrained state in the pipe axis C direction and the circumferential direction around the pipe axis C; and a second liner holding member that is provided on an end portion side of the outer pipe, and that holds the liner arranged on the end portion side.

A comprehensive utilization system for high-temperature gasification and low-nitrogen combustion of biomass comprises a gasifier, a boiler and a burner installed on the boiler. The outlet of the gasifier is connected to a fuel inlet of the burner. The boiler is provided with flue-gas exhaust ports connected to a chimney. Regenerative heat exchangers are provided between the flue-gas exhaust ports and the chimney, preheating air pipes are connected to the regenerative heat exchangers and then to an auxiliary mixing chamber. The auxiliary mixing chamber is provided with a first outlet connected to the inlet of the mixer, and a second outlet connected to the high-temperature air inlet of the gasifier and the second combustion-air inlet of the burner. An outlet of the mixer is connected with the first combustion-air inlet of the burner. The chimney is connected with the flue gas inlet of the gasifier through pipes and fans.

To preheat combustion air with gasification furnace flue gas, combustion air is flowed towards an inlet of a gasification furnace. The combustion air is heated using flue gas emitted from the gasification furnace. The flue gas is generated within the gasification furnace responsive to a gasification process. The heated combustion air is flowed into the inlet of the gasification furnace. The gasification process is implemented within the gasification furnace using the heated combustion air

A thermochemical system & method may be configured to convert an organic feedstock to various products. A thermochemical system may include a solid material feed module, a reactor module, an afterburner module, and a solid product finishing module. The various operational parameters (temperature, pressure, etc.) of the various modules may vary depending on the desired products. The product streams may be gaseous, vaporous, liquid, and/or solid.