A method of operating a heat releasing reactor producing product gas. The method includes steps of (a) monitoring a current load of the reactor, (b) finding such a numerical value for a current computational maximum momentary load for which at least one product gas factor computed using currently monitored process data with a numerical model of the reactor fulfills an acceptance condition, and selecting the numerical value as the current computational maximum momentary load, (c) indicating the current computational maximum momentary load to the operator and/or, if the current load is (c1) less than the current computational maximum momentary load, (c1i) indicating the operator that the load may be increased, and/or (c1ii) automatically increasing the load, and/or (c2) greater than the current computational maximum momentary load, (c2i) indicating the operator that the load exceeds the current computational maximum boiler momentary load, and/or (c2ii) automatically reducing the boiler load.

A method of determining a local temperature anomaly in a fluidized bed combustion boiler system that includes at least three temperature sensors together defining a measurement grid, each sensor representing a measurement point, includes monitoring current operation data of the boiler, including measured bed temperature and at least primary air flow, fuel moisture, main steam flow, flue gas oxygen, and bed pressure, preparing a numerical model among operation data, such as primary air flow, fuel moisture, main steam flow, flue gas oxygen, and bed pressure. The measured bed temperatures measurement points are prepared and calibrated. Bed temperatures for the measurement points are monitored using the numerical model. This obtains computed bed temperatures under normal operation conditions, and the measured bed temperatures are compared with the computed bed temperatures for at least some of the measurement points. If an anomaly threshold is exceeded, determining that a local temperature anomaly is present.

A method of determining a local temperature anomaly in a fluidized bed combustion boiler system that includes at least three temperature sensors together defining a measurement grid, each sensor representing a measurement point, includes monitoring current operation data of the boiler, including measured bed temperature and at least primary air flow, fuel moisture, main steam flow, flue gas oxygen, and bed pressure, preparing a numerical model among operation data, such as primary air flow, fuel moisture, main steam flow, flue gas oxygen, and bed pressure. The measured bed temperatures measurement points are prepared and calibrated. Bed temperatures for the measurement points are monitored using the numerical model. This obtains computed bed temperatures under normal operation conditions, and the measured bed temperatures are compared with the computed bed temperatures for at least some of the measurement points. If an anomaly threshold is exceeded, determining that a local temperature anomaly is present.

Various embodiments of the present technology relate to emission monitoring. Some embodiments comprise an exhaust testing system to characterize exhaust gas composition. The exhaust testing system comprises a sampling system and a gas analyzer. The sampling system is coupled to an exhaust stack of a combustion system. The sampling system comprises a cage, sampling pipes, and valves. The cage is mounted to the opening of the exhaust stack. The sampling pipes are mounted to the cage. The sampling pipes capture exhaust gas generated by the combustion system and emitted through the opening of the exhaust stack. The valves control gas flow through the sampling pipes. The gas analyzer is coupled to the sampling pipes. The gas analyzer determines gas composition of the exhaust gas.