A combustion system includes, burner, a camera, and a control circuit. The burner initiates a combustion reaction. The camera takes a plurality of images of the combustion reaction. The control circuit produces from the images an averaged image and adjusts the combustion reaction based on the adjusted image.

A combustion system includes a perforated flame holder, a camera, and a control circuit. The perforated flame holder sustains a combustion reaction within the perforated flame holder. The image capture device takes a plurality of images of the combustion reaction. The control circuit produces from the images an averaged image and adjusts the combustion reaction based on the adjusted image.

A method and apparatus for controlling a process in a system comprising pre-processing of a raw material, processing the pre-processed raw material and acquisition of the result of the processing of the pre-processed raw material, comprising the steps of: capturing input and output variables of the pre-processing; capturing output variables of the processing of the pre-processed raw material; creating a first, second and third process model for at least two different time scales, which describes the effects of adapting the pre-processing of raw material, the effects of adapting the processing of the pre-processed raw material, the effects of adapting the pre-processing of raw material and adapting the processing of pre-processed raw material on the output variables of the processing of pre-processed raw material; wherein the process in the system is controlled using the prediction of the process model which currently provides the best predictions for the process in the system.

Provided are a method and an arrangement for monitoring performance of a burner of a suspension smelting furnace. The burner is arranged at the top structure of a reaction shaft of the suspension smelting furnace. The burner has a solids feeding channel that has a solids outlet opening up into the reaction shaft, and a reaction gas channel comprising a reaction gas channel a that has a reaction gas outlet opening up into the reaction shaft. The arrangement comprises at least one imaging means for producing images representing the cross-section of the reaction gas channel, and a processing means for receiving images of the cross-section of the reaction gas channel from the imaging means.

A method of operation of a burner system includes introducing a fuel stream into a perforated flame holder, combusting the fuel stream, with a majority of the combustion occurring between an input face and an output face of the flame holder, and producing a heat output from the combustion of at least 1.5 kBTU/H/in.sup.2.

A method is for determining information about liquid droplet fallout during operation of a gas-liquid flare apparatus. The method includes disposing a plurality of tiles in a spaced apart fashion over a monitoring area. A gas hydrocarbon fuel is injected into the gas-liquid flare apparatus to create a combustible flow, and a test fluid is injected into the gas-liquid flare apparatus such that the test fluid is dispersed into the combustible flow. The combustible flow is combusted in in the gas-liquid flare apparatus, resulting in fallout of liquid droplets of the test fluid onto the plurality of tiles. Images of the liquid droplets on the plurality of tiles are analyzed so as to determine the information about liquid droplet fallout in the monitoring area, using a computer. The information about liquid droplet fallout may be used to estimate combustion inefficiency of the gas-liquid flare apparatus.

A bright radiator includes a burner, a fan and a radiant panel functioning as a radiating surface and having flame through-channels, wherein the burner is connected to a fuel gas supply, wherein the fan is designed to supply the burner with combustion air, wherein the burner is designed to bring about extensive glowing of the radiant panel, and wherein the fuel gas supply is connected to a hydrogen source as a fuel gas source.

A combustion system includes a perforated flame holder, a camera, and a control circuit. The perforated flame holder sustains a combustion reaction within the perforated flame holder. The image capture device takes a plurality of images of the combustion reaction. The control circuit produces from the images an averaged image and adjusts the combustion reaction based on the adjusted image.

Disclosed herein is a combustion oscillation estimating apparatus which estimates combustion oscillation in a combustion chamber connected with a burner so that a flame is injected by the burner, the combustion oscillation estimating apparatus including an input unit which receives data including an inlet pressure of the burner, and a control unit which detects a pressure in the combustion chamber based on a shape from the burner to the combustion chamber, a temperature distribution in the combustion chamber, and a shape of the flame. The combustion oscillation estimating apparatus may improve estimation accuracy of the combustion oscillation in the combustion chamber.

A method of operation of a burner system includes introducing a fuel stream into a perforated flame holder, combusting the fuel stream, with a majority of the combustion occurring between an input face and an output face of the flame holder, and producing a heat output from the combustion of at least 1.5 kBTU/H/in.sup.2.