An automatic pilot lighting system for unattended automatic lighting of a standing pilot may include a powered (e.g., battery powered, etc.) circuit. The powered circuit may include an analog timer circuit including a timer switch. A spark ignitor may be coupled with the timer switch. A temperature knob pilot momentary switch may be coupled with the timer switch. An ON/OFF switch may be coupled with the temperature knob pilot momentary switch and the timer switch. The ON/OFF switch may be configured to be operable for selectively disabling and enabling a power source. The analog timer circuit may be configured to be selectively activatable for applying voltage from the power source via the ON/OFF switch for pilot hold voltage and spark ignition for an amount of time sufficient to allow for unattended automatic lighting of the standing pilot and sufficient voltage generation to support standalone operation.

A continuous reflux reactor and controlled condenser system for thermochemical treatment of plastic and/or elastomeric waste has five zones with different complements. The zones comprises the bottom zone, pyrolysis zone, meeting zone, reflux zone and extraction zone. The reactor uses a reflux zone to increase the production of a light oil in the process. The reflux zone is equipped with some studded tubes that enhances the contact area. Cold molten salt is used as the cooling element of this step. The pyrolysis zone, where the material will be pyrolyzed, has the differential of being equipped with molten salt coils using hot molten salt as the heating element. After the material passes to all zones, the material goes to a cyclone that will condense heavier hydrocarbons present in this step and send the light hydrocarbons to the condensers.

A gas manifold allows each distribution chamber to be fed with fuel gas at an appropriate flow rate irrespective of an increase in the number of distribution chambers included in the gas manifold. A gas manifold distributes fuel gas flowing in through an inlet to a plurality of distribution chambers through a main channel. The main channel includes a flow guide that guides the fuel gas toward a maximum distribution chamber and reduces the fuel gas flowing into other distribution chambers. This allows fuel gas at a sufficient flow rate to be fed more easily to the maximum distribution chamber than to the other distribution chambers for a larger number of distribution chambers included in the gas manifold, allowing the plurality of distribution chambers to be fed with fuel gas at appropriate flow rates.

A combustible gas heating apparatus includes: a main burner arranged in a combustion chamber of the apparatus, a pilot burner for generating a pilot flame for igniting it, a valve group comprising a main valve arranged on a main duct, and a pilot valve arranged thereon, upstream of the main valve, for supplying gas to the pilot burner, a system for controlling gas to the main and pilot burners, including an electronic control unit operatively associated with the main and pilot valves, a thermal safety device actuable in the presence of inflammable vapors near the apparatus, to safely extinguish the main burner when a predetermined temperature threshold has been exceeded, the pilot burner configured as a continuous pilot burner having a permanent flame, the pilot and main valves being electrically-operated valves, an auxiliary buffer battery configured to power the electronic control.

The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for high flame temperature oxy-combustion that enables the capture of CO.sub.2 cost effectively. One part of the presently disclosed subject matter comprises an annular shroud burner which utilizes a supply of undiluted oxygen and minimal flue gas recycle to generate a high flame temperature to maximize efficiency. The annular shroud burner may deliver oxygen into a combustion zone where mixing of the oxygen and a stream of fuel occurs. Flue gas recycled from the exit of the combustion system serves the dual purpose of conveying the coal into the reaction zone, as well as providing local cooling and protection from high incident heat fluxes through the novel shroud cooling design. The annular shroud burner may be configured to produce an axial jet flame that controls the rate of mixing of oxygen and fuel, thereby extending the heat release. Oxygen and coal may be mixed in a ratio such that peak flame temperatures exceed 4,500° F. (2,482° C.) while the flow of recycled flue gas is regulated to control flame temperature and protect burner components and near-burner surfaces.

A safety system for a gas apparatus (100) for heating water, the gas apparatus comprising a tank (1) for containing water and a first gas burner (2) for heating the water contained inside the tank (1). The safety system (200, 200′) comprises a first sensor (9) suitable for generating a first signal which represents a temperature of the water contained in the tank (1), a second sensor (10) suitable for generating a second signal which represents a temperature of the water contained in the tank (1), a supply circuit (11) for energizing a first actuator (4) of a first valve (3) which is arranged to allow to pass/intercept a flow of gas towards the first gas burner (2), the first actuator (4) being arranged to actuate so as to open and close the first valve (3) when it is energized and non-energized, respectively, a switch device (13) which is arranged in the supply circuit (11) in order to close/open the supply circuit (11) so as to energize/not to energize the first actuator (4), a digital processing unit (14) which is operatively connected to the first and/or second sensor (9, 10) and which is configured to compare a set-point value which represents a preselected temperature with the first or second signal and a control device (16) which is operatively connected to the switch device (13) and to the first and second sensors (9, 10). The control device (16) comprises an analogue comparator (17) which is operatively connected to the first and second sensors (9, 10) in order to compare the first signal with the second signal and the control device (16) is configured to generate a control signal (18) for controlling so as to open/close the switch device (13) on the basis of the comparison between the first and second signals carried out by the analogue comparator (17).

A continuous reflux reactor and controlled condenser system for thermochemical treatment of plastic and/or elastomeric waste has five zones with different complements. The zones comprises the bottom zone, pyrolysis zone, meeting zone, reflux zone and extraction zone. The reactor uses a reflux zone to increase the production of a light oil in the process. The reflux zone is equipped with some studded tubes that enhances the contact area. Cold molten salt is used as the cooling element of this step. The pyrolysis zone, where the material will be pyrolyzed, has the differential of being equipped with molten salt coils using hot molten salt as the heating element. After the material passes to all zones, the material goes to a cyclone that will condense heavier hydrocarbons present in this step and send the light hydrocarbons to the condensers.

A water heating device equipped with a housing, a fan and a chamber arranged in the interior of the housing, and screws. The housing has first and second side plates which oppose one another in a first direction and extend from the ends of a back plate along a second direction intersecting the first direction. An opening part is provided in the housing on the side opposite the back plate in the second direction. The fan has a discharge opening, a first flow passage extending along the first direction, and a first flange. The chamber has an intake opening, a second flow passage extending along the first direction, and a second flange. The first and the second flanges are secured by screws. In a planar view, the center axis of the screws is slanted such that a head portion is closer to the opening part than the tip-end portion.

A filter assembly structure and a water heater including the same are provided. The filter assembly structure includes a filter housing coupled to an inner surface of a base panel provided in a case of a water heater, and including a flow space formed together with the inner surface of the base panel and an entrance to communicate with the flow space, and a filter assembly detachably assembled with the filter housing and including an air filter to filter air introduced through an air inlet provided in the base panel. The filter assembly is provided in a slide structure and inserted into or separated from the filter housing through the entrance.

The current invention discloses a method of controlling the flow rate of a heavy fuel oil in a fluid transfer apparatus having a point of use outlet to a boiler. It not only controls the flow rate of the fuel oil directly, but also indirectly control the viscosity of the fuel oil without measuring its viscosity. It relies on combustion curves established during the commissioning period using a typical fuel oil at a predetermined trim heater temperature. During normal operation, it sets the flow control valve according to the combustion curves, measures the flow rate and compares to the flow rate target. Instead of using the flow rate measurement feedback to control the flow control vale, it modulates the trim heater to vary the viscosity to arrive at the desired flow rate.