A combustion system includes a perforated reaction holder having perforations defined to compensate for a non-uniform velocity of fuel and/or oxidant received across an input face of the perforated reaction holder.

A method is provided for operating a fuel-operated vehicle heater (10) during a start phase of combustion operation. The heater includes a combustion air feed device (26) feeding air and a fuel feed device (22) feeding fuel (B) to a burner area (12) with a combustion chamber (16). An electrically energizable ignition element (32) ignites a fuel/air mixture formed. The method includes energizing the ignition element (32) in a preheating phase prior to the fuel feed, at a time of entry into an ignition phase, detecting electrical resistance of the ignition element (32) and determining a desired resistance based on the electrical resistance of the ignition element (32) detected and operating the ignition element (32) in a resistance-regulating operating mode during the ignition phase such that an actual resistance of the ignition element (32) is in the range of the determined desired resistance of the ignition element (32).

A method is provided for operating a fuel-operated vehicle heater (10) during a start phase of combustion operation. The heater includes a combustion air feed device (26) feeding air and a fuel feed device (22) feeding fuel (B) to a burner area (12) with a combustion chamber (16). An electrically energizable ignition element (32) ignites a fuel/air mixture formed. The method includes energizing the ignition element (32) in a preheating phase prior to the fuel feed, at a time of entry into an ignition phase, detecting electrical resistance of the ignition element (32) and determining a desired resistance based on the electrical resistance of the ignition element (32) detected and operating the ignition element (32) in a resistance-regulating operating mode during the ignition phase such that an actual resistance of the ignition element (32) is in the range of the determined desired resistance of the ignition element (32).

A ceramic glow plug includes a ceramic heater; a tubular sleeve which holds the outer circumference of the ceramic heater with a front end portion thereof protruding from the front end of the sleeve; and a tubular housing which surrounds a rear end portion of the ceramic heater and has a mounting portion for mounting the housing. The sleeve has a small-diameter portion which is accommodated in a front end portion of the housing and has an outer diameter smaller than the inner diameter of the front end portion of the housing, and a large-diameter portion which is connected to the small-diameter portion, disposed frontward of the front end portion of the housing, and has a diameter larger than the inner diameter of the front end portion of the housing. The front end portion of the housing is welded to the large-diameter portion.

A heater includes a resistor including a heat-generating portion, one or more leads joined to end portions of the resistor, and an insulating base body which covers the resistor and the leads, and a joining portion between the resistor and the leads includes a region where the resistor is spaced apart from the insulating base body by way of the leads over a whole circumference of the resistor when viewed in cross section of the joining portion.

A heater includes a resistor including a heat-generating portion, one or more leads joined to end portions of the resistor, and an insulating base body which covers the resistor and the leads, and a joining portion between the resistor and the leads includes a region where the resistor is spaced apart from the insulating base body by way of the leads over a whole circumference of the resistor when viewed in cross section of the joining portion.

A pressure sensor integrated glow plug inserted inside a cylinder of an internal combustion engine and used, the pressure sensor integrated glow plug being equipped with a housing, a rod-like heater element held with its distal end projecting from the housing, and a pressure sensor, with the heater element being held in the housing by a flexible member and configured in such a way that its position relative to the housing is displaceable, and with the pressure sensor being configured in such a way that it can receive pressure inside the cylinder because of the displacement of the heater element, wherein a heat-resistant fiber member carrying an oxidation catalyst component is disposed in an interstice between the housing and the heater element on the distal end side of the flexible member.

Disclosed is a control strategy for a hot surface igniter. On the basis of a hardware circuit of the hot surface igniter and a software algorithm, a working time of the hot surface igniter is divided into t1, t2, . . . , and tn time periods. In each time period, an output voltage or an output power of the hardware circuit is adjusted by the software algorithm to make the hot surface igniter reach an expected temperature. Through the control strategy of the disclosure, ignition time of the hot surface igniter may be easily controlled. The requirements of a user of igniting in a short time are satisfied.

Disclosed is a control strategy for a hot surface igniter. On the basis of a hardware circuit of the hot surface igniter and a software algorithm, a working time of the hot surface igniter is divided into t1, t2, . . . , and tn time periods. In each time period, an output voltage or an output power of the hardware circuit is adjusted by the software algorithm to make the hot surface igniter reach an expected temperature. Through the control strategy of the disclosure, ignition time of the hot surface igniter may be easily controlled. The requirements of a user of igniting in a short time are satisfied.

The present disclosure is directed to a heater including: a resistor including a heat-generating portion; a lead joined to an end portion of the resistor; and an insulating base covering the resistor and the lead. The heater includes a connection portion in which the resistor and the lead overlap each other in a direction perpendicular to an axial direction of the lead, and a boundary between the resistor and the lead has a curved shape when the connection portion is seen in a cross section perpendicular to the axial direction.