A commercial hybrid tank includes a metal liner with an upper wall and a lower wall. The upper wall and the lower wall define a cavity therebetween. A weld joint joins the upper and lower walls together. A fiber winding layer is wrapped around an outer surface of the metal liner. A method for manufacturing a commercial hybrid tank includes overlapping surfaces of an upper wall and a lower wall to form a metal liner defining a cavity. The method includes joining the surface of the upper wall and the surface of the lower wall together by welding to form a weld joint between the upper wall and the lower wall. The method includes wrapping the metal liner with a fiber winding layer around an outer surface of the metal liner to form a hybrid tank.

A filling loop device is provided to facilitate filling of an installed pressurised heating circuit (2) including a boiler (furnace) (1) from a mains supply pipe (3). The device includes a dead-man valve (14) configured to normally close off a water channel provided by a hose (16). This ensures that the channel can only be opened when attended during charging. Conventionally the hose ordinarily used to charge the heating circuit should be removed after isolation valves are closed at the inlet (4) and outlet (6). However careless operatives have been found to have frequently left the hose in place with the isolation valves open causing serious damage to the boiler.

A second embodiment of the invention includes a pressure regulation valve (25) in the filling loop device to prevent careless operatives charging the system to excessive pressure.

A third embodiment provides a pressure regulation valve in the circuit, normally biased to a closed condition with a dead-man actuator to open the channel.

A heating or a cooling system (102) comprising a fluid circuit (101) and apparatus (110) to supply a flow of top-up liquid to the fluid circuit (101). The apparatus (110) comprises a liquid reservoir (201) comprising an inlet port (202) connected to a liquid source (112), an outlet port (204) connected to the fluid circuit (101), and a pump (205) operable to move liquid from the liquid reservoir (201) to the outlet port (204) along a flow path. The apparatus (110) further comprises a light source (208) operable to emit ultraviolet light incident on liquid flowing from the liquid reservoir (201) to the outlet port (204) along the flow path. A method of supplying a flow of top-up liquid to the fluid circuit (101) of the heating or the cooling system (102).

An air pressure regulating device comprises an expansion tank having air stored therein and having an air injection/discharge port at an outside thereof; and a pressure regulation unit provided with a three-way ball valve connected to the air injection/discharge port, a pressure gauge which is installed in any one of flow paths of the three-way ball valve to check an internal pressure of the expansion tank, and a valve core which is installed in a flow path other than the flow path in which the pressure gauge is installed to be capable of injecting or discharging air into or from the expansion tank so as to be capable of controlling the internal pressure of the expansion tank.

Heat exchanger output control device in a one-pipe heating network characterized in that a first T-branch, which is connected to a second T-branch interconnected to a primary outlet pipe connection of a primary outlet pipe to a heat source through a primary outlet, is connected to the primary inlet pipe connection through a primary inlet. The first T-branch is connected to a secondary supply pipe connection through a secondary supply pipe with a secondary supply temperature sensor, and the second T-branch is connected to a secondary return pipe connection through a secondary return pipe with an additional secondary return temperature sensor. An impeller of a pump is connected to a secondary circuit to pump the heat-transfer medium from the first T-branch through a heat exchanger back to the second T-branch, and to connected to a electrical motor provided with a control unit connected to secondary supply and return temperature sensors.

A heating system is configured to optimize the speed and accuracy of the system in achieving various ambient air temperature setpoints, by modulating the heated water supply water setpoint to optimize the slope of the system's response curve. Optimized response curves are automatically determined by analyzing differences between ambient air temperatures over time in response to modulated supply water temperatures as they are reset upward or downward to achieve response times prioritized for improved occupant comfort. The controller of the heating system calculates a temperature slope, and adjusts the supply water setpoint to increase/decrease the speed of ambient temperature rise to achieve a desired slope.

A pump assembly is disclosed comprising a pump body having a first pump stage housed in the pump body including a fluid inlet and a first and a second fluid outlet. A flow feed chamber is housed in the pump body in fluid communication with the second fluid outlet. A second pump stage housed in the pump body is in fluid communication with the flow feed chamber and includes at least one fluid outlet connected to the second pump stage. A valve assembly is operable into a first position to fluidically connect the fluid inlet through the first pump stage to the first fluid outlet. The valve assembly is further operable into a second position to fluidically connect the first pump stage to the second fluid outlet and the flow feed chamber and the flow feed chamber fluidically connected to the at least one fluid outlet through the second pump stage.

A method of operating a heating and cooling system, including (1) providing a heating/cooling apparatus comprising first and second heat exchangers, (2) providing a conduit module modularly coupled to the heating/cooling apparatus and adapted to be coupled to a plurality of fluid circuits for heating and/or cooling loads, and (3) operating a control system configured to operate the conduit module in a plurality of heating and/or cooling modes. The conduit module is positioned between the heating/cooling apparatus and the plurality of fluid circuits. The conduit module includes first, second, and third supply conduits and first, second, and third return conduits, to convey first, second, and source fluids to and from respective first, second, and source fluid circuits. The conduit module includes first, second, third, and fourth three-way valves to selectively regulate flow of the first, second, and source fluids.

A method controls a circulation pump (1) in an installation with at least two circulation circuits (3, 4), with which the circulation pump (1) is integrated by way of a switch-over valve (2) into the one or the other circulation circuit (3 or 4) depending on the switched position. The pump (1) is activated differently depending on the switched position of the switch-over valve (2). The switch-over procedure is detected by way of determining the pressure course and/or the flow rate course in the pump (1) or an electrical variable which is dependent thereon, of the motor driving the pump, and the pump (1) is operated in another manner accordingly.

A filling loop device for a pressurized heating system comprising means defining a fluid passage having, an inlet port connectable to a fluid supply and an outlet port connectable to a heating system fluid circuit; and a dead man valve interposed in the passage between the inlet port and the outlet port, said dead man valve biased to a normally closed condition to shut off fluid flow through the channel in either direction when unattended, and manually operable to an open condition to permit fluid to flow from the inlet port to the outlet port. Also provided is a method of charging a pressurized boiler and heating circuit.