The present disclosure relates to a heat pump system for transferring heat using a body of water. The heat pump system includes a water pumping system and a heating and cooling loop that directs a working fluid through a heat exchanger where heat is transferred between the working fluid and water from the body of water. The water pumping system includes an inlet line, an outlet line, and a pump. The pump moves the water from the body of water through the inlet line to the heat exchanger then through the outlet line and back to the body of water. A biocide generating device is positioned along the inlet line for providing real-time generation of biocide in the water flowing through the inlet line. A recirculation line directs water from a tap location on the inlet line positioned downstream from the biocide generating device to the water intake.

An electric water heater is described and wherein the bottom portion of the water holding tank is provided with various forms of electric heating elements to heat the water in the lowermost region of the tank adjacent the dome-shaped bottom wall to a temperature sufficient to prevent the proliferation of bacteria growth such as the Legionella bacteria in such lowermost region. The insulating foam support base of the water heater also provides a thermal barrier to the heating elements while biasing the heating element on the dome-shaped bottom wall in a region to insure excellent heat transfer to the cavitated zone surrounding the dome-shaped bottom wall where sedimentary deposits occur to create a culture medium for bacteria growth.

The present application relates to a fluid hose for conducting fluid, wherein the fluid hose is adapted as an at least two-layer fluid hose, which comprises an inner hose layer and an outer hose layer, wherein the inner hose layer encloses an interior of the fluid hose for receiving fluid, wherein the inner hose layer comprising an inner surface facing the interior of the fluid hose, wherein the inner hose layer is formed from a plastic, wherein a surface-modifying substance is embedded within the plastic in a diffusion-resistant manner; and wherein the surface-modifying substance is adapted to change a surface property of the inner surface of the inner hose layer, in order to prevent colonization of the inner surface by microorganisms.

A manifoldhead and expansion tank combination is provided. The manifoldhead comprises an outer housing having an inlet channel and an opposed outlet channel extending laterally from the manifoldhead and a connection means, surrounding a third opening from the outer housing, for sealably connecting the manifoldhead to the to the expansion tank. The manifoldhead further includes, secured internally within the outer housing, a baffle plate extending longitudinally within the manifoldhead and having an opening extending through the baffle plate, the opening being preferably aligned with the inlet and outlet channels. The baffle plate extending into AND through the third opening to continue to separate the flow moving through the entire expansion tank into inlet and outlet flows, entering and leaving the third opening. There is also preferably provided another set of baffles extending across the third opening limiting the inlet and outlet flows through the expansion tank. There are also provided recirculation systems for potable water that include a manifoldheaded expansion tank for providing both cool and heated potable water to a building where people live or work.

The invention relates to a method for operating a circulation system comprising a cooling device with an input port and an output port for cooling water. The invention also relates to a circulation system for implementing said method.

A method for providing a warning of the risk of Legionella in a fluid conductor, the method including determining the percentage of a duration a fluid is disposed in the fluid conductor at a temperature in which Legionella can thrive during a period, wherein if the percentage of the duration is greater than about 50% of the period, a first indication of a risk of Legionella is raised.

Apparatus and methods for improved hot water flushing of a water supply system.

A water heating and treatment system with UV lamp and anti-scale water treatment sanitation for suppression of pathogens and undesired bacterial content in a domestic hot water system includes an anti-scale device, and a UV sanitation lamp. A single or multiple mixing station supplies heated water to one or multiple temperature zones. A water heater sanitation loop includes a sanitation loop pump to circulate hot water within the water heater. A three-way return water diverter valve allows for safe sanitation of a domestic hot water system by diverting over temperature re-circulated water away from the mixing valve to a drain, as needed. A method for treating hot water to suppress pathogens and undesired bacterial content in a domestic hot water system is also described.

A flushing station is provided. The flushing station includes a connection piece for a hot water pipe, a connection piece for a cold water pipe, a collecting tank with a siphon for draining the water, pipes at the connection pieces which conduct the water from the connection pieces into the collecting tank at least one sensor per pipe a control unit connected to the sensor, a valve actuatable in the pipes, wherein the control unit is coupled to the actuatable valve and the actuatable valve can be opened by the control unit for flushing the hot or cold water pipe. According to the invention, a flow restrictor and a flow straightener are integrated in each of the pipes.

A heat exchanger includes a fin, the fin including a metal base and a porous anodized layer formed on the metal base. A surface of the porous anodized layer has a submicron-order uneven structure, the uneven structure including a plurality of recessed portions whose two-dimensional size viewed in a normal direction of the surface is more than 100 nm and less than 500 nm.