A method, system, apparatus, and/or device for preheating air for a rooftop air handling unit (RTU). The method, system, apparatus, and/or device may include a barrier system configured to surround the RTU. The barrier system may include a structure to provide a frame for the barrier system, a first barrier configured to connect to a first side of the structure, and a collector configured to connect to a second side of the structure. The method, system, apparatus, and/or device may include a duct configured to connect between the collector and a chamber. The method, system, apparatus, and/or device may include a chamber configured to connect to an air intake hood of the RTU. The chamber may include a first opening to receive air stored in the cavity, a second opening to receive external air, and a diverter configured to switch between a first position and a second position.

An apparatus for heating water has a tank for storing water and an air conditioning system that defines a refrigerant flow path through which refrigerant flows. The refrigerant flow path passes through the heat exchanger so that refrigerant heat is contributed to the tank. A control system controls operation of the water heating apparatus.

Controlling heating and cooling in a conditioned space utilizes a fluid circulating in a thermally conductive structure in fluid connection with a hydronic-to-air heat exchanger and a ground heat exchanger. Air is moved past the hydronic-to-air heat exchanger, the air having fresh air supply and stale air exhaust. Sensors located throughout the conditioned space send data to a controller. User input to the controller sets the desired set point temperature and humidity. Based upon the set point temperature and humidity and sensor data, the controller sends signals to various devices to manipulate the flow of the fluid and the air in order to achieve the desired set point temperature and humidity in the conditioned space. The temperature of the fluid is kept less than the dew point at the hydronic-to-air heat exchanger and the temperature of the fluid is kept greater than the dew point at the thermally conductive structure.

A method of generating a control signal for a temperature control system is disclosed. The control signal has one of an “on” state in which the temperature control system is to be activated and an “off” state in which the temperature control system is to be deactivated. The method comprises calculating a temperature error measure in dependence on a target temperature and a current temperature value. A rate of temperature change in the environment is determined and used to set a variable error threshold. The method switches between a continuous “on” signal mode and a pulse-width-modulation (PWM) mode, in which the output signal comprises alternating “off” and “on” periods in accordance with a PWM pattern. The switch occurs in dependence on the temperature error measure and the variable error threshold.

A heating and hot-water-supply apparatus is provided with: a control unit that performs control on the basis of detection parameters of a plurality of detection means installed at the aforementioned locations and a setting parameter set in an operation unit. The distribution means can adjust the distribution ratio so as to correspond to a heating operation, a hot-water supply operation, and the simultaneous heating and hot-water-supply operation. The control unit prohibits the simultaneous heating and hot-water-supply operation in a case in which the required heating capacity for the hot-water supply operation calculated on the basis of the detection parameters and the setting parameter is equal to or greater than a predetermined standard capacity.

A system comprising a main circuit for routing a flow of heat transfer liquid out of a thermal storage to at least one outer heat exchanger and back to the thermal storage again, a main circulation pump configured to force the heat transfer liquid through the main circuit, a temperature sensor configured to measure the temperature of the heat transfer liquid, and a controller configured to control the main circulation pump based on temperature readings of the temperature sensor such that a calculated Reynolds number for the flow of heat transfer liquid is constant at a predetermined target Reynolds number over at least a primary temperature range.

A heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system. The HVAC system includes a sensor that detects a temperature of a heater of a heating component and emits a signal indicative of the temperature. A flow management device controls a flow of electricity or fuel from a power source to the heating component. A controller receives the signal from the sensor and operates the flow management device to block the flow of electricity or fuel to the heating component when the signal is indicative of the temperature being above a set point.

A CHP optimal dispatching model is a mixed integer programming model and is used for a district heating system (DHS) comprising a heat source, a heating network and a heat load, and the heating network comprises a heat transmission network and a heat distribution network. A plurality of heating areas is divided, and one day is divided into a plurality of time periods; the heat transmission loss of the heat distribution network is omitted, and a heat transmission network model taking transmission time delay of the heating network into consideration is established according to the heat transmission network; a terminal heat consumer model capable of reflecting indoor temperature is established; and a combined optimal dispatching model comprising conventional generators, wind power units, CHP units, electric boilers and heat storage tanks is established.

Appropriate ventilation for a building space while maintaining building comfort includes tracking one or more interior environmental conditions within the building space and one or more exterior environmental conditions outside of the building space during operation of the HVAC system. An environmental model for the building space is learned over time based at least in part on these tracked environmental conditions, where the environmental model predicts an environmental state of the building space in response to operation of the HVAC system under various interior and exterior environmental conditions. A maximum allowed ventilation rate that can be achieved without causing the HVAC system to compromise on any of one or more comfort conditions of the building space is predicted using the environmental model. The outdoor air ventilation damper of the HVAC system is then controlled to provide an appropriate ventilation up to or at the predicted maximum allowed ventilation rate.

The disclosure provides a method, an apparatus, and a storage medium for controlling heating system. The method includes: establishing an objective function and constraints for estimating system parameters of the heating system, in which the heating system includes nodes, pipelines and equivalent branches, the equivalent branch is configured to represent a heating resource or a heating load in the heating system, the system parameters include a resistance coefficient of each of the pipelines and equivalent branches, and a heat dissipation coefficient of each of the pipelines; solving the objective function based on the constraints to obtain the system parameters; modeling the heating system based on the obtained system parameters to obtain control parameters of the heating system; and controlling the heating system based on the control parameters.