For a temperature control unit for gaseous or liquid medium with a highly dynamic temperature regulation of the medium, the temperature control unit is designed with a base body and a cooling body between which are arranged multiple thermoelectric modules, and with a media line in the base body, wherein the media line is arranged in the base body in the form of a single-start spiral from the outside to the inside, and it is provided that the multiple thermoelectric modules are arranged in a plurality of rows on the base body, wherein the module heating power of a thermoelectric module situated further toward the outside radially is greater than the module heating power of a thermoelectric module situated further toward the inside radially.

In an embodiment, a method includes, impinging a plurality of particles on a target such that electrons are emitted from the target and transporting the electrons from the target to a heat sink through a transporting medium. The target and the heat sink may be separated by a distance. The method further includes cooling the electrons using the heat sink and returning the electrons from the heat sink to the target.

A solid-state cooler device is provided that comprises a first portion having a normal metal heat sink layer, and a second portion having a normal metal layer, insulator layer, superconductor layer (NIS) junction. The second portion is coupled to the first portion via a plurality of point contacts, wherein the normal metal heat sink layer and/or the normal metal layer of the NIS junction is a normal metal substrate layer.