A thermal management system includes a closed-circuit refrigeration system (CCRS) that includes a vapor cycle system (VCS). The VCS includes a receiver configured to store a refrigerant fluid; a liquid separator; a compressor; a condenser; at least one evaporator configured to extract heat from at least one heat load that is in thermal conductive or convective contact with the evaporator; and a thermal energy storage (TES) that stores a phase change material. The thermal management system further includes a liquid pumping system (LPS) that includes the TES, the at least one evaporator, and the liquid separator, with the LPS further including a pump. The VCS is configured to operate one at a time in at least one of three operational modes that are a TES cooling mode, a heat load cooling mode, or a pump-down mode. The LPS is configured to operate in the heat load cooling mode.

A cooling apparatus includes a heat receiver that evaporates a low pressure heat transfer medium. The apparatus includes a compressor that compresses the evaporated heat transfer medium in a gas phase state, and a condenser that condenses the compressed heat transfer medium. The apparatus includes a receiver tank that receives and stores at least one of the heat transfer medium from any place in a flow path of the medium in the gas phase state that returns the medium to the heat receiver and the condensed medium in a liquid phase state. The apparatus includes an air storage tank that air separated from the heat transfer medium. The apparatus includes a liquid level controller that controls a liquid level in the receiver tank such that the heat transfer medium is stored in the receiver tank at a predetermined liquid level height.

A thermal management system includes a closed-circuit refrigeration system (CCRS) that includes a vapor cycle system (VCS). The VCS includes a receiver configured to store a refrigerant fluid; a liquid separator; a compressor; a condenser; at least one evaporator configured to extract heat from at least one heat load that is in thermal conductive or convective contact with the evaporator; and a thermal energy storage (TES) that stores a phase change material. The thermal management system further includes a liquid pumping system (LPS) that includes the TES, the at least one evaporator, and the liquid separator, with the LPS further including a pump. The VCS is configured to operate one at a time in at least one of three operational modes that are a TES cooling mode, a heat load cooling mode, or a pump-down mode. The LPS is configured to operate in the heat load cooling mode.

A cooling system includes a heat exchanger through which a refrigerant flows, the heat exchanger having a fluid passing therethrough such that heat is rejected to the fluid, an evaporator, a refrigerant piping split point that receives the refrigerant at a given pressure from the heat exchanger and splits the refrigerant flow into a first circuit and a second circuit, the first circuit having an expansion valve that receives the refrigerant at the given pressure, and the second circuit having a first turbine coupled to a first compressor, wherein the first turbine receives the refrigerant at the given pressure, and a set of valves arranged to direct the refrigerant through the first circuit, the second circuit, or both the first and second circuits based on ambient conditions of the cooling system.

A refrigeration system includes a primary refrigeration circuit configured to circulate a CO.sub.2 primary refrigerant and a secondary refrigeration circuit separate from the primary refrigeration circuit. The primary refrigeration circuit includes a compressor assembly, a condenser assembly, a receiver, and one or more refrigeration loads having an evaporator assembly. The secondary refrigeration circuit includes a thermal storage unit and a heat exchanger. The thermal storage unit contains a phase change material. The secondary refrigeration circuit is in thermal communication with the primary refrigeration circuit through the heat exchanger. The primary refrigerant includes a critical temperature. The primary refrigeration circuit is configured for subcritical operation. The primary refrigeration circuit and the secondary refrigeration circuit are configured such that the phase change material provides cooling to the primary refrigerant during a first operating condition. The phase change material is configured to maintain subcritical operation of the primary refrigeration circuit during the first operating condition when the primary refrigerant is above the critical temperature.

The present disclosure relates to the technical field of heat pumps, in particular to an air source CO.sub.2 heat pump system for preventing an evaporator from frosting by using heat of a heat regenerator. The air source CO.sub.2 heat pump system mainly includes an air source heat pump system, a regenerative heat exchange tank and a cooling pump. Through the regenerative heat exchange tank, on the one hand, the temperature drop of regenerative heat of the system is further increased and throttling loss is reduced; on the other hand, the heat generated by the regenerative temperature drop is configured for heat storage used for defrosting, and configured for overheating temperature rise.

The present disclosure relates to an improved open vertical display case (OVDC) which utilizes radiant cooling to cool and/or maintain food products at a target temperature. The radiant cooling is performed using a plurality of piping routed through the walls and containing a first refrigerant stream. The plurality of piping may be cooled using a refrigeration circuit. In some embodiments, a phase change material may be used for thermal energy storage and positioned between the plurality of piping and the refrigeration circuit. In some embodiments, the refrigeration circuit may be connected to heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and water heating systems within the building.

Provided is an apparatus and method for transferring or exchanging thermal energy between two thermal reservoirs, for converting energy from thermal energy into another form of energy, or for converting energy from another form of energy into thermal energy. A body force per unit mass generating apparatus can be employed to modify a specific heat capacity of a working material. A work exchange apparatus, such as a compressor expander, can be employed to do work on the working material, or allow the working material to do work on the work exchange apparatus.

Provided herein is a thermoelectric system for generating electricity using ambient temperature oscillations (e.g., between day and night time). The thermoelectric system may comprise a first heat exchanger, a thermoelectric generator, one or more heat conducting units, a second heat exchanger, and a container configured to (i) contain the second heat exchanger and a thermal storage material and (ii) insulate the thermal storage material from an external to the container.

The present invention addresses a problem of providing a mixed refrigerant that combines three kinds of performances of having a refrigeration capacity (this may also be referred to as a cooling capacity) and of having a coefficient of performance (COP) equivalent to those of R410A, and of having a sufficiently small GWP. As a means for solving the problem, provided is a refrigerant-containing composition, wherein the refrigerant contains trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132 (E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123) and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf), and R32.